Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hormonal & Reproductive Week 3 - WLB > Ovary - Pathoma > Flashcards

Ovary - Pathoma Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the ovary?

A

Follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What forms when there is hemorrhage into the corpus luteum?

A

hemorrhagic luteal cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do you call a follicle that has degenerated?

A

follicular cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes the multiple follicular cysts in the ovary in PCOD?

A

hormone imbalance: increased LH, low FSH

LH:FSH >2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the classic presentation of PCOD?

A

Obese young woman, with infertility

oligomenorrhea and hirsutsm

some patients have insulin resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

High circulating levels of estrone in women with PCOD increases the risk for what condition?

A

Endometrial carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three categories of ovarian tumors?

A
  1. Surface epithelial
  2. Germ cell
  3. Sex-cord stromal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most common type of ovarian tumor?

A

Surfac epithelial tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two most common subtypes of surface epithelial tumors that are both usually cystic?

A

Serous and Mucinous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are benign surface epithelial tumors called?

A

Cystadenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are Cystadenomas composed of?

A

single cyst with simple, flat lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What patient population do Cystadenomas generally present in?

A

premenopausal women (age 30-40s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are malignant surface epithelial tumors called?

A

Cystadenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Cystadenocarcinomas composed of?

A

complex cysts with thick, shaggy lining

cells invade into the underlying connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What patient population do Cystadenocarcinomas generally arise in?

A

Post-menopausal women (age 60-70s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of surface epithelial tumors have features in between benign and malignant tumors and have a better prognosis than clearly malignant tumors, but they still carry a malignant potential?

A

Borderline Tumors (malignant tumors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Carriers of what mutation have an increased risk for Serous Carcinoma of the ovary and fallopian tube?

A

BRCA1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an Endometrioid Tumor of the ovary?

A

Ovarian Surface Epithelial Tumor with endometrial histology (looks like endometrial cells)

  1. usually malignant => carcinoma
  2. may be associated with endometriosis
  3. 15% will also have carcinoma of the endometrium in the uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a Brenner Tumor of the ovary?

A

Ovarian Surface Epithelial Tumor that contains urothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When do Surface Epithelial Tumors of the ovary typically present?

A

LATE => poor prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are common symptoms of Surface Epithelial Tumors of the ovary?

A

Vague abdominal pain symptoms (pain, fullness)

Signs of compression (urinary frequency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where do Surface Epithelial Tumors (carcinomas) of the ovary tend to spread?

A

Locally => especially peritoneum (“omental caking”)

23
Q

What is a useful serum marker used to monitor treatment response and screen for recurrence of Surface Epithelial Tumors of the ovary?

A

CA-125

not used for initial screening

24
Q

What is the second most common type of ovarian tumor?

A

Germ Cell Tumor = 15% of all cases

25
Q

What population of women do Germ Cell Tumors generally occur in?

A

women of reproductive age

26
Q

What are the tumor subtypes of Germ Cell Tumors?

A

Mimic tissues normally produced by germ cells

Fetal => Cystic teratoma / Embryonal Carcinoma

Yolk Sac => Yolk Sac Tumor

Germ Cells => Dysgerminoma

Placenta => Choriocarcinoma

27
Q

What is a Cystic Teratoma composed of?

A

fetal tissue derived from two or three embryologic layers

28
Q

What is the most common germ cell tumor in females?

A

Cystic Teratoma

29
Q

How common do Cystic Teratomas arise bilaterally?

A

10% of the time (more common in board questions)

30
Q

Are cystic teratomas benign or malignant?

A

Benign

31
Q

What two things need to be excluded in a Cystic Teratoma to ensure that the tumor is benign?

A
  1. Presence of immature tissue, most commonly neural ectoderm (immature teratoma => malignant potential)
  2. Cancer in the tissue of the teratoma/Somatic malignancy, most commonly squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
32
Q

What is Struma ovarii?

A

Cystic teratoma composed primarily of thyroid tissue => may present as hyperthyroidism

33
Q

What is the most common malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary that is composed of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei (resembles oocyte)?

A

Dysgerminoma

34
Q

What is the testicular form of Dysgerminomas?

A

Seminoma

35
Q

What is the prognosis of Dysgerminomas?

A

Good prognosis => responds to radiotherapy

36
Q

What serum marker may be elevated in the setting of a Dysgerminoma?

A

LDH

37
Q

What do you call a malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary that mimics the yolk sac?

A

Endodermal Sinus Tumor

38
Q

What is the most common germ cell tumor in children?

A

Endodermal Sinus Tumor

39
Q

What serum marker may be elevated in the setting of an Endodermal Sinus Tumor?

A

AFP

40
Q

What unique histological finding is common in Endodermal Sinus Tumors

A

Schiller-Duval bodies = glomeruli-like structures

41
Q

What do you call a malignant Germ Cell Tumor composed of trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (villi are absent)?

A

Choriocarcinoma = malignant proliferation of placental-like tissue

42
Q

How does a Choriocarcinoma spread? How can it spread early?

A

Small, hemorrhagic tumor with early hematogenous spread

How? => genetically programmed to invade blood vessels from the early beginning

43
Q

What serum marker is present in the setting of Choriocarcinoma?

A

High beta-hCG

44
Q

Do Choriocarcinomas have a good or bad response to chemotherapy?

A

Bad! Unforunately, they respond poorly

45
Q

What do you call a malignant Germ Cell Tumor composed of large primitive cells that are embryo-like?

A

Embryonal Carcinoma

46
Q

Do Embryonal Carcinomas typically metastasize?

A

Yes, aggressive with early metastasis

47
Q

What various cell types can give rise to Sex-cord Stromal Tumors?

A

Granulosa cells

Theca cells

Fibroblasts, fibrous tissue

Sertoli cells

Leydig cells

48
Q

What do you call a Sex-cord Stromal Tumor composed of neoplastic granulosa and theca cells and which produces estrogen?

A

Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumor

49
Q

What are the presenting symptoms of Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumors?

A

Signs of excess estrogen

Child => precoccious (early) puberty

Pre-menopausal Adult => Heavy/abnormal menstrual bleeding

Post-menopausal adult => abnormal uterine bleeding

50
Q

What are the unique features of Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumors?

A

Sertoli cells form tubules (mimics testicles)

Leydig cells contain characteristic Reinke Crystals

51
Q

Why is a Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor associated with hirsutism and virilization?

A

tumor may produce androgen

52
Q

What do you call a benign tumor of fibroblasts that is associated with pleural effusion and ascites (Meigs syndrome)?

A

Fibroma

53
Q

What are the two classic examples of Metastasis to the ovaries?

A
  1. Kruckenberg tumor: mucinous carcinoma that spreads to BOTH ovaries, e.g. can arise from gastric carcinoma
  2. Pseudomyxoma peritonei: abundant amount of mucin in the peritoneum, primary mucinous carcinoma tumor in appendix

Hormonal & Reproductive Week 3 - WLB (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions