Ovarian Tumors Flashcards
What is the most common malignancy of the ovary?
Serous tumors (approx. 40% of ovarian tumors)
What kind of tumors are serous tumors?
“Cystic neoplasms”
What gene mutations exist in low-grade vs. high-grade serous tumors?
Low-grade: KRAS, BRAF, ERBB2
High-grade: TP53
Mutation in KRAS is most significant in which ovarian tumor?
Mucinous carcinoma
When do mucinous carcinomas occur most?
Middle age typically
What is the laterality of mucinous tumors of the ovary?
They are NOT BL
Which tumors have an association with pseudomyxoma peritonei?
Mucinous tumors
What histological feature distinguishes endometrioid ovarian tumors from mucinous and serous tumors?
Tubular glands that resemble the endometrium.
In what setting do endometrioid ovarian tumors occur?
What is the 5-year survival rate?
Almost always with endometriosis
75% 5-year survival rate
What signaling pathway is increased in endometrioid ovarian tumors?
PI3K/AKT pathway
low grade may have TP53 mutations
What is the laterality of endometrioid ovarian tumors? What does this suggest?
They are BL - suggests the cancer has metastasized
What age group is most likely to have benign ovarian tumors?
What age group for malignant ovarian tumors?
Young women
Older women
What 2 genes are thought to play an important role in the development of ovarian tumors?
BRCA-1, BRCA-2
Benign teratomas are AKA:
What age is most common?
What are they covered in?
How are they found?
Dermoid cysts
Young women during reproductive years
Covered in skin-like structures
Can be incidental, or sometimes as a part of a paraneoplastic syndrome
Can dermoid cysts undergo malignant transformation?
About 1% do, usually to squamous cell carcinoma
What are the 2 types of monodermal/specialized teratomas? What are they made of?
What is their laterality?
Struma ovarii - mature thyroid tissue (cause hyperthyroidism)
Carcinoid - intestinal tissue
Almost always unilateral
What age is most common for a dysgerminoma?
What is produced by these tumors in some occasions?
What 3 genes are expressed? (4)
What is the laterality?
Malignant or benign?
Prognosis?
10-20 y/o
Chorionic gonadotropin
OCT-3, OCT-4, NANOG, KIT (therapeautic target)
Unilateral
Always malignant
Good prognosis
What is the most common and second most common malignant germ cell ovarian tumor?
- Dysgerminoma
2. Yolk sac tumors
What do yolk sac tumors elaborate?
What is the classic histological finding?
Who gets them most?
Laterality?
Prognosis?
a-fetoprotein
Schiller-Duval body: glomerulus-like structure composed of a central BV enveloped by tumor cells within a soace that is also lined by tumor cells.
Children and young women
Unilateral
Good prognosis
Choriocarcinomas are most often from what?
What age is most prominent?
What do they elaborate?
What is the prognosis? Why?
Placental origin
Pre-pubertal females
Chorionic gonadotropins
Poor prognosis - they are aggressive and metastasize hematologenously to the lungs, liver and bone.
What ovarian tumors do Call-Exner bodies occur?
Granulosa cell tumors
Why are granulosa cell tumors clinically important? (2)
They can elaborate large amounts of estrogen
They behave like low-grade malignancies
Granulosa cell tumors produce… (2)
What gene is associated with them?
Benign or malignant?
Prognosis?
Estrogen and inhibin
FOXL2
They have a risk of becoming malignant
Good prognosis
What effects are seen in Sertoli-Leydig tumors?
What mutation should be associated with it?
Laterality?
Masculinization or defeminization effects (a few can have estrogenic effects)
DICER1
Unilateral
