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Repro > Ovarian Cancer > Flashcards

Ovarian Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

5 year survival rate of ovarian cancer

A

30%

At all stages

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2
Q

At what age does ovarian cancer rarely present under?

A

30 years

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3
Q

Patients from high risk families account for 5-10% of ovarian cancer cases. What are the genetic syndromes/mutations associated with risk of ovarian cancer?

A

HNPCC/Lynch Type II Familial Cancer Syndrome
BRCA1
BRCA 2

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4
Q

Name 2 protective factors for ovarian cancer

A

OCP

Pregnancy

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5
Q

Why is the OCP and pregancy protective from ovarian cancer?

A

Ovaries dormant

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6
Q

Symptoms of ovarian cancer

A

Indigestion/early satiety/poor appetite
Altered bowel habit/pain
Bloating/discomfort/weight gain
Pelvic mass

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7
Q

Some symptoms of ovarian cancer are common to IBS, how do you differentiate?

A

IBS symptoms outwith usual age group

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8
Q

What issues can a pelvic mass pose in ovarian cancer?

A

Asymptomatic
Present late
May result in pressure symptoms

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9
Q

How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?

A 
Surgical/Pathological
Ultasound Abdomen and Pelvis
CT
CA125
Surgery
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10
Q

What imaging techniques can be used in daignosis of ovarian cancer?

A

Us Abdomen and Pelvis

CT

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11
Q

Which lab result is used to diagnose ovarian cancer?

A

CA125

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12
Q

What is CA125?

A

A glycoprotein antigen raised in malignancies and benign conditions

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13
Q

In which malignancies will CA125 be raised?

A

Ovary
Colon
Pancreas
Breast

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14
Q

In which benign conditions will CA125 be raised?

A 
Menstruation
Endometriosis
Pelvic inflammatory Disease
Liver disease
Recent surgery
Effusions
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15
Q

How is the Risk of Malignancy Index calculated for Ovarian cancer?

A

RMI = No. of Ultrasound features x Menopausal Status x CA125

RMI= U x M x CA125

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16
Q

What 5 features may be found on ultrasound in ovarian cancer?

A 
Multilocular
Solid areas
Bilateral
Ascites
Intraabdominal
17
Q

Describe Stages 1 to 4 in Ovarian Cancer Staging

A

1- Limited to ovaries with capsule intact
2- One or both ovaries with pelvic extension
3- One or both ovaries with peritoneal implants outside pelvis or with nodes
4- Distant metastasis

18
Q

Treatment for Ovarian Cancer

A

Surgery

Chemotherapy

19
Q

What type of surgery is used in treatment of ovarian cancer

A

Laparaotomy

Diagnosis
Staging
Disease clearance
Debulk disease

20
Q

Describe the types of chemotherapy used to treat ovarian cancer

A

Neoadjuvant
Adjuvant - First line Platinum and Taxane (Taxol)
Within 8 weeks of surgery

21
Q

What are the treatment options in instance of recurrence of ovarian cancer?

A

Rechallenge with chemo
Palliation
Platinum if longer than 6 months
Tamoxifen

22
Q

What prophylaxis can be offered to women at high risk of ovarian cancer?

A

Oopherectomy

23
Q

Why is screening not recommended for ovarian cancer?

A

No premalignant stage

Not specific or sensitive

24
Q

Is a unilocular cyst considered benign or malignant?

A

Benign

25
Q

Is a multilocular cyst considered benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

26
Q

Describe features of a borderline ovarian cyst

A

Features not benign but not yet malignant
Found in peritoneal cavity
Papillae lining the cyst may line outside the ovary- can drop off and spread to omentum

27
Q

Prognosis of an ovarian cyst

A

Better prognosis but possibility of progressing

28
Q

Age group most likely to present with borderline ovarian cyst

A

Younger

29
Q

Describe a complex cyst and its histological findings

A

Mixed solid cystic appearance = Carcinoma

High grade nuclei and macronuclei on histology

30
Q

Origin of complex cysts?

A

Pre-existing benign cysts

Fallopian tube

31
Q

What is the function of the BRCA gene?

A

Tumour Suppressor Gene

32
Q

How is the BRCA mutation inherited?

A

Autosomal dominant

33
Q

What effect does having the BRCA mutation have on lifetime risk of ovarian cancer?

A

15 to 45%

34
Q

Risks associated with BRCA mutation

A

Ovarian and breast cancer at younger age

35
Q

Management if BRCA mutation found

A

Genetic counselling

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