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Repro > Anatomy - Repro > Flashcards

Anatomy - Repro Flashcards

1
Q

3 structures of the male perineum

A

External genitalia (urethra, scrotum, penis)
Perineal muscles
Anal canal

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2
Q

3 structures of femae perineum

A

External genitalia
Perineal muscles
Anal canal

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3
Q

The perineum can be divided into two triangular areas - which triangle is inferior to the pubic symphysis?

A

Urogenital triangle

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4
Q

Which triangle lies anteroinferior to the coccyx?

A

Anal triangle

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5
Q

Borders of the pernieum

A 
Anterior - pubic symphysis
Anterolateral - pinferior pubic and ischial rami
Lateral - Ischial tuberosity
Posterolateral - Sacrotuberous ligament
Inferior - sacrum and coccyx
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6
Q

Roof of the perineum

A

Pelvic floor

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7
Q

Base of the perineum

A

Skin and fascia

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8
Q

Anterior, lateral and posterior surface borders of perineum

A

Mons pubis in females, base of penis in males
Medial Surface of thighs
Integluteal cleft

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9
Q

Contents of the anal triangle

A

Anal aperture
External anal sphincter muscle
Ischioanal fossae

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10
Q

Contents of ischioanal fossae

A

Fat and connective tissue

Expansion of anal canal during defecation

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11
Q

Which nerves supplies somatic fibers to the whole perineum?

A

Pudendal (S2-S4)

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12
Q

A thin sheet of deep fascia stretches between right and left sides of the pubic arch below the pubic symphysis. What is the name of this fascia and what structure is affixed to it?

A

Perineal membrane

External genitalia

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13
Q

Layers of the urogenital triangle deep to superficial?

A 
Deep perineal pouch
Perineal membrane
Superficial perineal pouch
Penrineal fascia
Skin
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14
Q

The deep perineal pouch lies between which structures?

A

Deep fascia of pelvic floor muscles and the perineal membrane

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15
Q

Structures within deep perineal pouch?

A

Part of the urethra
External urethral sphincter
Vagina

+bulbourethral glands
+deep transverse perineal muscles in MALES

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16
Q

What perforates the perineal membrane?

A

Urethra

and vagina

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17
Q

The superficial perineal pouch is a space between which structures?

A

Perineal membrane and superficial perineal fascia

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18
Q

Structures within the superficial perineal pouch

A 
Erectile tissues for penis and clitoris
Ischiocavernous muscle
Bulbospongiosus
Superficial transverse perineal muscles
Great vestibular glands (Bartholin's)
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19
Q

What is the superficial perineal pouch bound to posteriorly?

A

Perineal body

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20
Q

Where is the perineal body within the perinuem>

A

Center

At junction of urogenital and anal triangle

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21
Q

What is the perineal body made up of?

A

Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, collagenous and elastic fibres

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22
Q

Which muscles attach to the perineal body?

A 
Levator ani
Bulbospongiosus
Superficial and deep transverse muscles
External anal sphincter muscles
External urethral sphincter muscle fibres
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23
Q

Which structure supports the posterior vaginal wall against prolapse?

A

Perineal body

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24
Q

Vascular supply to the perineum

A

Internal pudendal artery

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25
Q

Actions of external anal sphincter

A

Constricts anal canal suring peristalsis
Resists defecation
Supports and fixes perineal body/pelvic floor

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26
Q

Innervation of external anal sphincter

A

Pudendal nerve

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27
Q

Innervation of bulbospongiosus

A

Muscular branch of perineal nerve

Branch of pudendal

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28
Q

Function of bulbospongiosus

A

Support and fixes perineal body/pelvic floor
Male - compresses bulb of penis
Assists erection - compress outflow of deep perineal vein - push blood from bulb to body

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29
Q

Innervation of ischiocavernosus

A

Branch of pudendal

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30
Q

Function of ischiocavernosus

A

Maintain erection - compress outflow veins, push blood from root or clit into body

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31
Q

Innervation of superficial transverse perineal muscle

A

Muscular branch perineal
Branch of pudendal
Dorsal nerve of penis/clit
Terminal branch pudendal

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32
Q

Function of superficial/deep transverse perineal muscles

A

Support and fix perineal body
Support abdominal muscle viscera
Resist increased intra-abdominal pressure

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33
Q

Innervation of external urethral sphincter

A

Muscular branch perineal
Branch of pudendal
Dorsal nerve of penis/clit
Terminal branch pudendal

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34
Q

Function of external urethral sphincter

A

Compress urethra to maintain urinary continence

Demale - urethrovaginal sphincter portion also compresses vagina

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35
Q

Clinical significance of perineal body

A

Childbirth and prolapse

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36
Q

What procedure can prevent excessive tearing of perineum and perineal muscles in labour?

A

Episiotomy

Mediolateral

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37
Q

What can occur in perineal pouches following trauma or surgery?

A

Urethra traverses the pouches
Traumatic/Surgical injury of urethra

Pouches Infiltrated by urine

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38
Q

The external urethral sphincter is found in which space?>

A

Deep perineal pouch

39
Q

Is the external urethra sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

40
Q

Innervation of external urethral sphincter

A

Terminal branch of pudendal S2-4

41
Q

Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

42
Q

Innervaton of internal urethral sphincter?

A

T10-L2

43
Q

3 parts of the male urethra?

A

Intramural
Prostatic
Intermediate

44
Q

Which part of the male urethra do the bulbourethral glands secrete to?

A

Spongy

45
Q

What can happen if the prostate of elderly mean becomes enlarged?

A

Urinary retention

46
Q

Which is the widest part of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic

47
Q

Which is the narrowest part of the male urethra?

A

Intermediate

48
Q

What lies within the pudendal canal

A

Internal pudendal artery
Pudendal nerve
Pudendal vein
Nerve to obturator internus

49
Q

Clincial significance of content of ischio anal fossae?

A

Fat and loose CT
Site of infection - collection of pus; difficult to treat
Leads to abscess

50
Q

The pudendal canal enters the ischioanal fossae though which foramen?

A

Lesser sciatic

51
Q

What can occur if a mass/abscess bursts from ischioanal fossae?

A

Generates fistulae

52
Q

Which structures constitue the birth canal?

A

Vagina
Cervix
Vulva

53
Q

Three layer of the uterus

A

Perimetrium - outer serous coat
Myometrium- muscular
Endometrium- inner mucuous coat

54
Q

Which layer of the uterus is shed in menstruation?

A

Endometrium

55
Q

How does the uterus divide as pregnancy advances?

A

Into upper and lower segment physiologically

56
Q

What area of the uterine body does the lower segment develop from?

A

Area between cervix and uterus

57
Q

Where is the uterus opened at caesarean section?

A

Transverse incision into lower segment for delivery of baby

58
Q

Describe the normal postion of the uterus

A

Anteflexed

Anteverted

59
Q

Define anteflexed with reference to the uterus

A

Uterine body bent anteriorly relative to the cervix

60
Q

Define anteverted with reference to the uterus

A

Uterus tipped anterosuperiorly relative to axis of vagina

61
Q

What can happen if the position of the uterus is retroflexed and retroverted in early pregnancy?

A

Uterine prolapse

Prevalent if pelvic floor damaged

62
Q

Why is knowledge of the position of the uterus crucial in surgical management of miscarriage?

A

Minimise risk of perforation of uterus with instrumentation

63
Q

What are the fornices of the vagina?

A

Recess around protruding cervix
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

64
Q

Through which vaginal fornix can you access the rectouterine pouch?

A

Posterior

Clinically significant for procedures

65
Q

4 ligaments for anchoringg uterus and cervix in pelvis

A

Ligament of ovary
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Round ligament of uterus
Broad ligament

66
Q

Which ligament is the cardinal ligament of the uterus>

A

Lateral cervical

67
Q

Function of broad ligament

A

Support uterus, attaches cervix to lateral pelvic walls

Contains uterine artery and vein

68
Q

Supports of the uterus

A

Pelvic diaphragm
Pelvic fascia - lateral cervical and uterosacral ligament
Round ligament of uterus

69
Q

4 parts of the uterine tube

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Intramural or uterine part

70
Q

Which part of the uterine tube is the longest and widest?

A

Ampulla

71
Q

Fertilisation occurs in which part of the uterine tube?

A

Ampulla

72
Q

What is meant by tubal pregnancy?

A

Ectopic

Blastocyst implants in mucosa of tube (ampulla)

73
Q

What might a cornual ectopic be?

A

Implantation in cavity of rudimentary horn of uterus which may/ may not communicate with uterine cavity

74
Q

Changes to the ovary with pregnancy and menopause

A

Displaced position

Atrophied and fibrous in menopause

75
Q

2 ligaments associated with ovary

A

Ligament of ovary

Suspensory ligament

76
Q

Attachment of ligament of ovary

A

Uterus to ovary

77
Q

Attachment of suspensory ligaments

A

Ovary to lateral pelvic wall

78
Q

Aterial supply to gonads and genitalia

A

Gonadal and internal iliac arteries

79
Q

Internal iliac arteries and gonadal arteries branch from which vessel?

A

Aorta

80
Q

At what vertebral level do the gonadal arteries originate?

A

L2

81
Q

Which ligament does the ovarian artery descend within?

A

Suspensory to supply ovaries via broad ligament

82
Q

Which vessel does the ovarian artery freely anastomose with?

A

Uterine artery

83
Q

Where do the gonadal veins drain into?

A

Left renal vein

Right IVC

84
Q

The uterine artery crosses over which structure at the level of the ischial spine

A

Ureter

Water under the bridge

85
Q

Which structure can be accidentally injured during hysterectomy?

A

Ureter

86
Q

Which lymph nodes receive lymph from the ovary?

A

Lumbar

87
Q

Which lymph nodes receive lymph from the fundus and upper uterine body?

A

Pre-aortic

88
Q

Which lymph nodes receive lymph from most of the uterine body?

A

External iliac

89
Q

Which lymph nodes receive lymph from the uterine cervix and upper vagina?

A

Internal iliac and sacral

90
Q

Which lymph nodes receive lymph from the lower vagina?

A

Superficial inguinal

91
Q

Breasts extend from which ribs

A

2nd to the 6th

92
Q

Deep surface of the breat is related to which 3 musces

A

Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
Rectus abdmonis

93
Q

Blood supply to the mammary gland

A

Branches of subclavian and axillary arteries

94
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the breast

A

Axillary
Pectoral
Supraclavicular

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