Ovarian Cancer Flashcards
What is ovarian cancer?
Ovarian cancer refers to malignant tumours that originate in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or peritoneum.
What are the main types of ovarian cancer?
The main types are epithelial ovarian cancer (most common), germ cell tumours, and sex cord-stromal tumours.
What are the typical symptoms of ovarian cancer?
Symptoms include abdominal bloating, early satiety, pelvic or abdominal pain, urinary symptoms, and changes in bowel habits.
What is the aetiology of ovarian cancer?
The exact cause is unknown, but genetic mutations (e.g., BRCA1/BRCA2) and familial predisposition play significant roles.
What is the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer?
Pathophysiology involves genetic mutations leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation in ovarian tissue, which may metastasise and cause complications.
How prevalent is ovarian cancer?
It is the sixth most common cancer in women in the UK, primarily affecting those aged 50 and above.
What are the key risk factors for ovarian cancer?
Risk factors include age, family history, BRCA mutations, Lynch syndrome, early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, and hormone replacement therapy.
What are protective factors against ovarian cancer?
Protective factors include the use of oral contraceptives, multiparity, breastfeeding, and tubal ligation.
How is ovarian cancer typically diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves clinical history, examination, and investigations such as CA-125 levels, ultrasound, and CT imaging.
What clinical examination findings might suggest ovarian cancer?
Findings may include abdominal distension, palpable pelvic or abdominal masses, ascites, and weight loss.
What investigations are used for suspected ovarian cancer?
Investigations include CA-125 blood test, pelvic ultrasound, CT scan, and biopsy.
What is the role of CA-125 in ovarian cancer?
CA-125 is a tumour marker often elevated in ovarian cancer but can also be elevated in benign and other malignant conditions.
What imaging is most useful for ovarian cancer?
Pelvic ultrasound is the initial imaging modality, with CT scans used for further evaluation and staging.
What are some differential diagnoses for ovarian cancer?
Differential diagnoses include endometriosis, benign ovarian cysts, pelvic inflammatory disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and other malignancies.
What staging system is used for ovarian cancer?
The FIGO staging system is used to classify ovarian cancer based on tumour size, spread, and metastasis.
What is the conservative management for ovarian cancer?
Conservative management focuses on symptom control and palliative care, particularly in advanced cases or those unsuitable for surgery.
What are the medical management options for ovarian cancer?
Medical management includes chemotherapy, typically with platinum-based agents such as carboplatin or cisplatin.
What is the role of surgery in ovarian cancer management?
Surgery aims for optimal cytoreduction (removal of as much tumour as possible) and is often combined with chemotherapy.
What are common complications of ovarian cancer treatment?
Complications include chemotherapy side effects (nausea, fatigue, neuropathy) and surgical risks (infection, bleeding, adhesions).
What genetic testing is recommended for ovarian cancer patients?
Testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is recommended, as it impacts management and family risk assessment.
What is the prognosis for ovarian cancer?
Prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis, with early-stage disease having a better survival rate compared to advanced stages.
What is the role of targeted therapy in ovarian cancer?
Targeted therapy, such as PARP inhibitors (e.g., olaparib), is used in cases with BRCA mutations or platinum-sensitive disease.
How can ovarian cancer recurrence be monitored?
Monitoring involves regular follow-up, including clinical review and imaging, as well as CA-125 level assessment in some cases.
What are some psychosocial impacts of ovarian cancer?
Psychosocial impacts include anxiety, depression, body image concerns, and the effect on fertility and relationships.
