Ovarian Cancer Flashcards
1
Q
what is the most common type of ovarian cancer?
A
epithelial cell tumours
2
Q
what are the different types of epithelial cell tumours?
A
- serous tumours
- endometroid carcinomas
- clear cell tumours
- mucinous tumours
- undifferentiated tumours
3
Q
what are dermoid cysts/germ cell tumours?
A
- benign ovarian tumours
- teratomas
- associated with ovarian torsion
- raised alpha-fetoprotein (a-FP) and hCG
4
Q
what are sex cord-stromal tumours?
A
- benign or malignant
- arise from stroma or sex cords
5
Q
what are the different types of sex cord-stromal tumours?
A
- sertoli-leydig cell tumours
- granulosa cell tumours
6
Q
what are krukenberg tumours?
A
- metastasis in the ovary - typically from GI tract cancer
- ‘signet-ring’ cells on histology
7
Q
what are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
A
- age - peak age 60
- BRCA1 and BRCA2
- increased number of ovulations
- obesity
- smoking
- recurrent use of clomifene
8
Q
what factors increase the number of ovulations?
A
- early-onset of periods
- late menopause
- no pregnancies
9
Q
what are the protective factors for ovarian cancer?
A
- combined contraceptive pill
- breastfeeding
- pregnancy
10
Q
how does ovarian cancer present?
A
- abdominal bloating
- early satiety
- loss of appetite
- pelvic pain
- urinary symptoms
- weight loss
- abdominal or pelvic mass
- ascites
11
Q
where can ovarian mass pain present?
A
- press of obturator nerve
- referred hip or groin pain
12
Q
what is the criteria for 2 week urgent referral for suspected ovarian cancer?
A
- ascites
- pelvic mass
- abdominal mass
13
Q
what investigations can be undertaken in suspected ovarian cancer?
A
- CA-125
- pelvic ultrasound
- CT
- histology
- paracentesis
14
Q
what are the tumour markers for germ cell tumour?
A
- alpha-fetoprotein (a-FP)
- human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
15
Q
what are the causes of raised CA-125?
A
- endometriosis
- fibroids
- adenomyosis
- pelvic infection
- liver disease
- pregnancy
