Outocme 2 ANPH 252

Question 1

Starting with the most inferior, list the 4 layers that make up the walls of the GI tract and describe their basic functions

Answer 1

1. MUCOSAL LAYER- allows protection, absorption and secretion
2. SUBMUCOSAL- connective tissue that has blood vessels and nerves
3. MUSCULARIS- maintains peristalsis (2 types)
4. SEROSA- double walled loops of mesentery formed from the visceral peritoneum (secures intestines to posterior wall of abdominal cavity)

Question 2

Mechanical digestion is completed by the ________ and the _________

Answer 2

Teeth and stomach

Question 3

T or F: food that has been mechanically digested can be directly absorbed into adjacent tissues

Answer 3

F: it must be mechanically AND chemically digested and nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream, not directly into tissues

Question 4

List the accessory organs that aid in digestion:

Answer 4

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 5

In the body the three pairs of salivary glands include:

Answer 5

A) parotid - near ear
B) submandibular - near jaw
C) sublingual - under tongue

Question 6

The largest salivary gland is the __________. The medical term “otic” is used in reference to the __________.

Answer 6

Parotid and ear

Question 7

the portion of the throat posterior to:
A) the soft palate is known as the _________
B) the buccal cavity is known as the ________
C) the laryngeal prominence (nod larynx) is known as the ________

Answer 7

A) nasopharnx
B) oropharynx
C) laryngopharynx

Question 8

The structure that prevents food from slipping into the trachea during swallowing is the ________. It attached to a “free floating bone” inferior to the tongue, known as the ___________.

Answer 8

Epiglottis and hyoid bone

Question 9

The stomach lies more transversely in patients with a __________ body habitus

Answer 9

Hypersthenic/larger

Question 10

the gastric folds that allow the stomach to expand with food are called _________.

Answer 10

Rugae

Question 11

Describe the terms in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and explain the pathology.

Answer 11

Hypertrophic - increase in cell size
Pyloric - region at distal end of stomach where chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine
Stenosis - narrowing
*narrowing of the pyloric region due to a thickening of tissues, which makes it difficult for chyme to leave the stomach at a normal rate

Question 12

Most superior to most inferior, the three sections of the small bowel include:

Answer 12

1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum

Question 13

The pancreatic duct opens into the duodenum at the _____________ which is located in the ________ portion of the duodenum .

Answer 13

Major duodenal papilla and descending

Question 14

What does “ports hepatis” mean and what structures pass through it?

Answer 14

“Gateway to the liver”

-hepatic artery, common hepatic duct, portal vein

Question 15

Bile produced in the liver is stored in a concentrated form in the _________.

Answer 15

Gallbladder

Question 16

What is the main purpose of bile?

Answer 16

It emulsified and breaks down fat

Question 17

Fats in _______ stimulate the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) into the duodenum. CCK is a hormone that triggers the glass ladder to _________ which releases bile into the ____________.

Answer 17

Chyme, contract and gallbladder

Question 18

The right and left hepatic ducts join to form the ______________.

Answer 18

Common hepatic duct

Question 19

The common bile duct is formed by the _________ and the _____________.

Answer 19

Cystic duct and common hepatic duct

Question 20

What do the following parts of the the GI tracts do?

1. Lower esophageal sphincter
2. Sphincter of oddi
3. Pyloric sphincter
4. Illeocecal valve

Answer 20

1. Allows a food bonus to enter the stomach
2. Controls flow of pancreatic digestive enzymes and bile
3. Controls chyme leaving the stomach
4. Controls food entering the large bowel

Question 21

What part of the stomach is most posterior?

Answer 21

The fundus

Question 22

The blind punch at the proximal end of the large intestine is known as the….

Answer 22

Cecum

Question 23

Another name for the right colic flexure is the:

Answer 23

Hepatic flexure

Question 24

Another name for the left colic flexure is the:

Answer 24

Splenic flexure

Question 25

The most distal section of the colon is the:

Answer 25

Anal canal

Question 26

Wavelike muscular contractions of the digestive system are known as:

Answer 26

Peristalsis

Question 27

Which part of the GI tract is the main site of nutrient absorption?

Answer 27

Small intestine, especially the duodenum