Outlook

Question 1

Drawbacks and limitations

Answer 1

large number of diverse chemicals registered in the WU
many degradation protucts
only a few of these substances are regulated and monitored
complex mixtures od the substances aren’t taken into account
concentrations below detection limits
large temporal variations
tital concentration doesn’t coincide with the bioavailable concentration

Question 2

Online monitoring

Answer 2

goals: continuous measurements, possibibilty of early warning systems, remote control, and investigation of temporal dynamics
installation and maintenance are costly
requires intensive data management, while just covering a small are/scope

Question 3

Risk management approaches

Answer 3

mathematical models: conc and toxiciy of mixture components get combinde into models wich predict biological effects

biologically: environmental samples with unknown mixture components are taken and analysed “in vivo” tests or “in vitro” assays. The result is a measured biological effect

Question 4

Bioassays

Answer 4

canary in a coalmine

in vitro
in vivo
in situ

Question 5

In virto

Answer 5

the effects are measured on the sub-cellular level (like DNA damage), they only need small samples and can be performed on many different matrixes (water, sediment, …). But the studied systems are highly simplified and potential interactions are easily overlooked (or not triggered)

Question 6

in vivo

Answer 6

Whole living organisms are exposed to spiked or ambient samples, typically in controlled conditions.
Often applicated when testing single substances (product registration) and the testing of environmental samples.

Question 7

in situ

Answer 7

Biomarkers are molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological indicators of contaminant stress measured in organisms exposed in situ in a specific location. Used as warning systems before
significant effects at population levels occur. One example could be intersex in fish (estrogenic compounds).

Question 8

environmental moitoring

Answer 8

bioassays batteries are typically based on concept of simple food chain and use at least three species from different trophic levels: primary producers (green algae), detritivores or filter feeders (waterflea), consumers (larval fish)

Question 9

passive samplers

Answer 9

passive exposure to flowing water substances from the water diffuse into the sampler until equilibrium is reaches

they don’t move, they don’t excrete and there is no need to analayze multiple tissues

Question 10

advantages of passive samplers

Answer 10

• no mechanical devices, no power needed
• continuous sampling
• enables comparing to different media (becaus of equilibrium)
• concentrates large volumes of water -> increased sensitivity/lower limits

Question 11

example for samplers

Answer 11

• nonpolar - Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD)
• nonpolar - monophasic polymers
• polar- polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS)
• polar - chemcatchers

Question 12

non target screening

Answer 12

time consuming and costly, but enable a shifting focus to whatever substance is exceeding normal limits at the moment

Question 13

Ecosystem services

Answer 13

aims to place defined values on the benefits tha natural world provides to humans, such as clean water, food supplies, and places for recreation, as a means of strengthening environmental protection in policy and managemenet decision-making

Question 14

Methodology proposed by the JRC

Answer 14

1 scoping the range of freshwater services
2 linking pressure, ecological status , and ecosystem service provision
3 assessment of ecosystem services through indicators
4 economic valuations of the services provided by the ecosystem