Molecular Biology

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

enirety of DNA molecules of each organism, controls the generartion of molecules hat will regulate the metabolism of a cell, its response to the environment and provide structural integrity

Question 2

Nucleotides

Answer 2

are composed of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nucleobase. If they form into linear Polymers (nucleic acids), they become DNA or RNA

Question 3

Genetic code

Answer 3

sequence of nucleotides in DNA/RNA that determine the amino acid sequence, three ad-
jacent nucleotides -> one unit (codon) which codes for one amino acid

Question 4

DNA replication

Answer 4

Strand separation, unwinding, followed by copying of each strand. Each separated strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. Through mistakes in the replication mutations can occur (can also occur due to environmental agents or spontaneously)

Question 5

Molecular techniques are based on mechanisms for DNA/RNA replication:

Answer 5

complementary strand addition, primer annealing, primer prolognation

Question 6

requirement for molecular techniques

Answer 6

DNA/RNA have to be isolated/extracted
mechanical and chemical destruction of the cells to relreas genetic material and purifictaion
The isolated TNA (DNA + RNA) degrades fast

Question 7

PCR (olymerade chain reaction

Answer 7

partial or complete copies of a specific DNA sample to have a large enough supply that investigation is feasible
Based on DNA replication

Question 8

qPCR

Answer 8

Quantitative real-time PCR allows the sensitive, specific quantitation of nucleic acis, AMount of acis is quantified using fluorescent dye
Divided into two basic principles

Question 9

ddPCR

Answer 9

Digital droplet PCR, very sensitive and accurate, for low abundance targets or targets n complex backround, based on water oil emulsion, data is analyzes using statistics

Question 10

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

Answer 10

Based on fluorescent probes that bind to the parts of nucleic acids with a high degree of complementary.
Various probes with different targets can be used. Fluorescence microscopy can be used to find out where
the probe is bound. Usually linked to confocal laser scanning microscope

Question 11

Sanger sequencing

Answer 11

single gene
chain termination method
max length of DNA –> 800 basepairs

Question 12

Next generation Sequencing (NGS) whole genome shotgun

Answer 12

whole genome of a bacterium (ar all genes in an environnmental sample)
DNA strands sequenced randomly
By perfroming several “Shotguns” and using chain termination on all of thhem overlaps can be found by algorithms and complete the whole sewuence

Question 13

NGS Amplicon Sequencing

Answer 13

Gene-Sequencing of a population