Outline of Disease Processes Flashcards
What are most cancers (in terms of how many cells they arise from)?
Monoclonal (arise from a single cell)
What does monoclonal mean?
Arise from a single cell
How do cancer cells divide?
Using the mitosis stages just like normal cells
What are the stages of mitosis in cancer cells?
1) Interphase
2) Prophase
3) Metaphase
4) Anaphase
5) Telophase
6) Daughter cells
Why do cancer cells have uncontrollable growth?
They have no regulation
What are some properties of cancer cell that is different to normal cells?
Loss of contact inhibition
Increase in growth factor secretion
Increase in oncogene expression
Loss of tumour suppresor genes
What can you say about tumour suppresor genes in relation to cancer?
Cancer is caused by a loss of tumour suppresor genes
What can you say about cancer and oncogene expression?
Increase in oncogene expression leads to cancer
What are properties of normal cells that are different to cancer cells?
Oncogene expression is rare
Intermittent or co-ordinated growth factor secretion
Presence of tumour suppressor genes
What is carcinogenesis?
The initiation of cancer formation
What are the 2 stages of carcinogenesis?
Pre-clinical cancer
Clinical cancer
What are the steps of pre clinical cancer in carcinogenesis?
Initiation
Promotion
Tumour growth
What happens during clinical cancer in carcinogenesis?
Tumour progression
When are cancers detectable?
Only after a certain amount of cells are present
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What are the causes of cancer seperated into?
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
What can initiate cancer?
Chemical
Physical
Viral
What is related to the promotion of cancer?
Growth factors
Oncogenes
What is related to the progression of cancer?
Metastasis
What are some chemicals that can initiate cancer?
Hydrocarbons such as soot and tarts
Analine dyes (cause bladder cancer)
Aflatoxin (causes liver cancer)
Nitrogen mustard (causes leukaemia)
Alcohol and smoking (causes lung, head and neck, and gastrointestinal cancers)