Drug Delivery Systems

Question 1

What are different kinds of drug delivery?

Answer 1

Oral

Intravenous (IV)

Transdermal

Carrier based

Question 2

What are different forms of drugs that may be given to patients?

Answer 2

Tablets or capsules

Solutions or suspensions

Ointments and creams

Inhalation

Injections

Suppositories (insterted into rectum or vagina)

Pessaries (inserted into vagina)

Question 3

What are soppositories?

Answer 3

Drugs that are inserted into the rectum or the vagina

Question 4

What are pessaries?

Answer 4

Drugs that are inserted into the vagina

Question 5

What are things that determine which drug delivery system to use?

Answer 5

Dose of the drug being given

Frequency of administration

Timing of administration

Disease being treated

Question 6

What do we consider when deciding what dose to use?

Answer 6

Recommended dose

Impaired renal function

Impaired liver function

Age and weight

Disease to be treated

Drug toxicity

Question 7

What is oral medication absorbed by?

Answer 7

The GI tract:

Buccal

Sublingual

Oral

Rectal

Question 8

What are solutions and suspension useful for?

Answer 8

Giving medicine to the young, elderly and patients with swollowing difficulties

Question 9

What is an advantage of using solutions or suspensions?

Answer 9

Absorbed extrememly rapidly

Question 10

What does the absorption of solutions or suspensions depend on?

Answer 10

Gastric emptying and is more rapid from the small intestine

Question 11

Where is absorption from solutions or suspensions most rapid from?

Answer 11

Small intestine

Question 12

What is the rate limiting step for the absorption of tablets?

Answer 12

Dissolution (tablet breakdown)

Question 13

What are the advantages of using tablets or capsules?

Answer 13

Convenience

Accuracy of dose

Reproducibility

Drug stability

Ease of mass production

Question 14

What do enteric coated tablets do?

Answer 14

Delay the disintegration of the tablet until it reaches the small instestine

Question 15

Why would enteric coated tablets be used?

Answer 15

Protect the drug from stomach acid

Protect the stomach from the drug

Question 16

What are prolonged release formulations useful for?

Answer 16

Most disorders required prolonged therapy

Maintains drug level within a therapeutic range

Reduces the need for frequent dosing

Compliance is improved

Question 17

What kind of therapy do most disorders require?

Answer 17

Prolonged therapy

Question 18

What are different kinds of prolonged release drugs?

Answer 18

Oral preparations

Parenteral preparations (intermuscular injections)

Surgical implants

Question 19

What can you not do when using prolonged release drugs?

Answer 19

Swap someone from one form to another

Question 20

What are prodrugs?

Answer 20

Synthesised inactive derivatives of an active drug which requires to be metabolically activated after administration

Question 21

What are the advantages of using prodrugs?

Answer 21

Prolongation of duration of action

Avoidance of the drug in the gut

Question 22

What are buccal and sublingual adminstration ideal for?

Answer 22

Drugs which have an extensive first pass metabolism

Question 23

What are sublingual tablets?

Answer 23

Ones which dissolve slowly under the tongue

Question 24

Who is the rectal route often used for?

Answer 24

Young

Old

Patients unable to swollow

Question 25

What is an advantage of using the rectal route?

Answer 25

Bypass first pass metabolism

Question 26

How may drugs from the rectal route act?

Answer 26

Locally Systematically

Question 27

How do drugs from the vaginal route act?

Answer 27

Locally

Question 28

What do drugs from the vaginal route include?

Answer 28

Creams Pessaries

Question 29

What do injection based drug delivery systems include?

Answer 29

Intravenous (IV) Intramuscular Subcutaneous Intradermal

Question 30

What do injection based drugs provide?

Answer 30

Fast systematic effects by bypassing first pass metabolism

Question 31

What can you say about the half life of injection based drugs?

Answer 31

Short half life

Question 32

What is useful about the infusion on injection based drugs?

Answer 32

Can be infused continuously

Question 33

What kinds of patents who are not able to swollow drugs can injection based drugs be given to?

Answer 33

Unconscious ones

Question 34

When are drugs given intravaneously?

Answer 34

Rapid onset of action is required Careful control of plasma level is required Drug has a short half life

Question 35

How may IV formulations be given?

Answer 35

Rapidly Slowly (prevent toxic effects) Continuous infusion to ensure acurate control

Question 36

Why would an IV drug be infused slowly?

Answer 36

To prevent toxic effects

Question 37

Why would an IV drug be infused continuously?

Answer 37

Ensure accurate control

Question 38

What is an intramuscular injection?

Answer 38

Injection given into muscle mass

Question 39

What is an advantage of intramuscular injection?

Answer 39

Allows more sustained duration of action up to months

Question 40

What is a subcutaneous injection?

Answer 40

Injection applied under the skin

Question 41

What is the advantage of a subcutaneous injection?

Answer 41

Bypass the nedd for venous access

Question 42

What are transdermal drug delivery systems?

Answer 42

Adhesive patches containing the drug are applied to the skin where the drug then crosses the skin surface by diffusion and enters systematic circulation

Question 43

What is an advantage of transdermal drug deliver systems?

Answer 43

Bypass first pass metabolism

Question 44

What does inhalation drugs do?

Answer 44

Delivers drugs directly to the things for local effect or to achieve systematic effect

Question 45

What is an advantage of inhalation drugs?

Answer 45

Rapid effect using smaller doses so less side effects

Question 46

What does utilising carriers allow?

Answer 46

Small amounts of drugs to be administered and to be taken to where they are needed

Question 47

What are examples of pharmaceutical carriers?

Answer 47

Micelles Vesicles Multifunctional dendritic polymers Nanospheres Nanocapsules Liquid crystals

Question 48

Why does the colour of a drug have an impact on its effect?

Answer 48

The placebo effect