Outline 2: Joints, Muscle, and Blood Supply Flashcards
What are arthoses? What are the two types?
Joints Diarthoses and Synarthoses
What are synarthoses
Joints where bones are directly connected via connective tissue. Not focused on mobility but focused on STABILITY.
What are the two types of synarthrotic joints?
fibrous and cartilagenous
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis
What is a suture joint?
A types of fibrous joint that has SHORT fibers connecting adjacent bones. found only in the SKULL
What is a syndesmosis?
A type of fibrous joint that has LONGER fibers and allows for some movement between the bones. Ex- holds the fibula and tibia together
What is gomphosis?
A type of fibrous joint that has SHORT fibers and fits tooth into alveolar processes.
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondrosis and symphysis
What is a synchondrosis
A primary cartilaginous joint that is made of hyaline. As it grows it ossifies and allows bone to elongate like at the epiphyseal plates and the xyphoid process
What is a symphysis
A secondary cartilaginous joint that is made of fibrocartilage. These are found at the public symphysis and as joints between vertebral bodies.
What is a diarthroses?
The second type of arthroses. THe bones are indirectly connected in a joint capsule and these joints are important for MOVEMENT. They are also known as synovial joints
Name the components of a synovial joint?
fibrous tissue of joint capsule- these fibers join with periosteum of bone
joint cavity enclosed by capsule
synovial membrane lining capsule which produces synovial fluid
synovial fluid covering articulating surfaces
hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces
What are some accessory structures of a joint capsule?
fibrocartilagenous disks (sternoclavicular joint) where bones dont match well so it helps fill the space
plates
menisci(between tibia and femur) acts as shock absorber and reduces friction
labrums- raised lip to increase amount of articulating surface ex hip socket
fat pads
ligaments and tendons
T/F: All joints are innervated and have blood supply
False- hyaline cartilage on articulating surfaces is not innervated and therefore remains healthy through physical squeeze and release actions
What are the types of Diarthroses?
Uniaxial, Biaxial, Triaxial
What is a uniaxial diarthroses? Name an example of each
1 DOF
- ) hinge- elbow joints, humeral-ulnar joints, philanges of fingers - these can only do extension and flexion
- ) pivot- atlantoaxial joint- rotates on axis
What are the types of Biaxial diarthroses? characteristics? examples?
- ) condyloid- Metacarpophylangeal joint (MCP) (knuckle) allows flexion/extension and adduction/abduction
- ) Saddle- there is only 1- carpometacarpal joint (CMC), can flex/extendd and adduct and aBduct but surfaces are more complex
What are characteristics of the types of triaxial joints? Examples?
3 DOF
- ) plane- articulating surfaces are flat or irregular and they slide, rotate, open/close. EX: clavicle-scapula
- ) ball and socket- shoulder-glenohumeral joint and hip joint
Loose versus close packed positions
Loose- allows opportunity for accessory movement (ex: hip when tight packed(extended) cant rotate)
Close- ligaments are tight, articulating surfaces close as possible, most stable
What affects the stability of joints?
- ) shape of articulating surfaces
- ) number of ligaments
- ) muscles and tendons involved (?)
please categorize muscles
Somatic NS
-skeletal (2 functions of cause/prevent motion and gen heat)
Autonomic NS
- cardiac
- smooth
What is 1?
What is 2?
The bone itself.
What is 3?
The Epimyseum. It is deep fascia that envelops the whole muscle
WHat is 4?
Endomysium. which is connective tissue around each fiber
what is 5?
Fasicle
what is 6?
A blood vessel that is supplying the muscle.
What is 7?
perimyseum. Found around each fasicle
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it ennervates
What two types of architecture can muscle have?
Parallel or Pennate
What are the types of parallel muscle fibers? Describe it
- muscle fibers run length of muscle
1. ) strap (fibers straight up and down)
2. ) fusiform (fibers curved)
What are types of pennate muscles?
The fibers run at an angle to the length of the muscle.
- unipennate (one set of fiber direction)
- bipennate (2 sets of fiber direction)
- multipennate (many sets of fiber direction)
Why is ROM directly related to length of muscle.
The length of a sarcomere is constant, so the longer the muscle the greater the amount of sarcomeres and the more the muscle can shorten
Desrcibe the normal relationship between origin and insertion
Reverse?
Origin is superior and fixed. Insertion is inferior and moves toward the origin
-When origin moves to insertion
agonist v antagonist
agonist- main mover/flexor
antagonist- opposes the action
What is a synergist?
It assists an agonist, and compensates for unwanted actions
what is a spurt action
origin is farther from joint than insertion so movement has greater Y component. ex: brachium radialis
What characterizes a shunt movement?
A smaller movement component because it is more about stabilizing the joint. Ex: brachialis. Origin is closer to joint than insertion.
When is brachialis an agonist?An antagonist?
WHen is triceps an agonist? An antagonist?
What is the role of biceps and brachoradialis in elbow flexion?
brachialis is an agonist for elbow flexion and an antagonist for elbow extension
Triceps is an agonist for elbow extension and an antagonist for elbow flexion
Biceps and Brachioradialis are synergists for elbow flexion
Where do nerves enter muscles?
Around proximal third.
What are recurrent arteries?
Arteries in which blood flows toward the heart. Can often lead to an anastamosis, a meeting of two arteries with opposite directions of blood flow
muscles are ___ in blood supply; tendons have ___ blood supply
RICH; POOR
