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GA lecture > Outline 2: Joints, Muscle, and Blood Supply > Flashcards

Outline 2: Joints, Muscle, and Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

What are arthoses? What are the two types?

A

Joints Diarthoses and Synarthoses

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2
Q

What are synarthoses

A

Joints where bones are directly connected via connective tissue. Not focused on mobility but focused on STABILITY.

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3
Q

What are the two types of synarthrotic joints?

A

fibrous and cartilagenous

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4
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

Suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis

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5
Q

What is a suture joint?

A

A types of fibrous joint that has SHORT fibers connecting adjacent bones. found only in the SKULL

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6
Q

What is a syndesmosis?

A

A type of fibrous joint that has LONGER fibers and allows for some movement between the bones. Ex- holds the fibula and tibia together

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7
Q

What is gomphosis?

A

A type of fibrous joint that has SHORT fibers and fits tooth into alveolar processes.

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8
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

synchondrosis and symphysis

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9
Q

What is a synchondrosis

A

A primary cartilaginous joint that is made of hyaline. As it grows it ossifies and allows bone to elongate like at the epiphyseal plates and the xyphoid process

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10
Q

What is a symphysis

A

A secondary cartilaginous joint that is made of fibrocartilage. These are found at the public symphysis and as joints between vertebral bodies.

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11
Q

What is a diarthroses?

A

The second type of arthroses. THe bones are indirectly connected in a joint capsule and these joints are important for MOVEMENT. They are also known as synovial joints

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12
Q

Name the components of a synovial joint?

A

fibrous tissue of joint capsule- these fibers join with periosteum of bone

joint cavity enclosed by capsule

synovial membrane lining capsule which produces synovial fluid

synovial fluid covering articulating surfaces

hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces

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13
Q

What are some accessory structures of a joint capsule?

A

fibrocartilagenous disks (sternoclavicular joint) where bones dont match well so it helps fill the space

plates

menisci(between tibia and femur) acts as shock absorber and reduces friction

labrums- raised lip to increase amount of articulating surface ex hip socket

fat pads

ligaments and tendons

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14
Q

T/F: All joints are innervated and have blood supply

A

False- hyaline cartilage on articulating surfaces is not innervated and therefore remains healthy through physical squeeze and release actions

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15
Q

What are the types of Diarthroses?

A

Uniaxial, Biaxial, Triaxial

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16
Q

What is a uniaxial diarthroses? Name an example of each

A

1 DOF

  1. ) hinge- elbow joints, humeral-ulnar joints, philanges of fingers - these can only do extension and flexion
  2. ) pivot- atlantoaxial joint- rotates on axis
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17
Q

What are the types of Biaxial diarthroses? characteristics? examples?

A
  1. ) condyloid- Metacarpophylangeal joint (MCP) (knuckle) allows flexion/extension and adduction/abduction
  2. ) Saddle- there is only 1- carpometacarpal joint (CMC), can flex/extendd and adduct and aBduct but surfaces are more complex
18
Q

What are characteristics of the types of triaxial joints? Examples?

A

3 DOF

  1. ) plane- articulating surfaces are flat or irregular and they slide, rotate, open/close. EX: clavicle-scapula
  2. ) ball and socket- shoulder-glenohumeral joint and hip joint
19
Q

Loose versus close packed positions

A

Loose- allows opportunity for accessory movement (ex: hip when tight packed(extended) cant rotate)

Close- ligaments are tight, articulating surfaces close as possible, most stable

20
Q

What affects the stability of joints?

A
  1. ) shape of articulating surfaces
  2. ) number of ligaments
  3. ) muscles and tendons involved (?)
21
Q

please categorize muscles

A

Somatic NS

-skeletal (2 functions of cause/prevent motion and gen heat)

Autonomic NS

  • cardiac
  • smooth
22
Q

What is 1?

A
23
Q

What is 2?

A

The bone itself.

24
Q

What is 3?

A

The Epimyseum. It is deep fascia that envelops the whole muscle

25
Q

WHat is 4?

A

Endomysium. which is connective tissue around each fiber

26
Q

what is 5?

A

Fasicle

27
Q

what is 6?

A

A blood vessel that is supplying the muscle.

28
Q

What is 7?

A

perimyseum. Found around each fasicle

29
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it ennervates

30
Q

What two types of architecture can muscle have?

A

Parallel or Pennate

31
Q

What are the types of parallel muscle fibers? Describe it

A
  • muscle fibers run length of muscle
    1. ) strap (fibers straight up and down)
    2. ) fusiform (fibers curved)
32
Q

What are types of pennate muscles?

A

The fibers run at an angle to the length of the muscle.

  • unipennate (one set of fiber direction)
  • bipennate (2 sets of fiber direction)
  • multipennate (many sets of fiber direction)
33
Q

Why is ROM directly related to length of muscle.

A

The length of a sarcomere is constant, so the longer the muscle the greater the amount of sarcomeres and the more the muscle can shorten

34
Q

Desrcibe the normal relationship between origin and insertion

Reverse?

A

Origin is superior and fixed. Insertion is inferior and moves toward the origin

-When origin moves to insertion

35
Q

agonist v antagonist

A

agonist- main mover/flexor

antagonist- opposes the action

36
Q

What is a synergist?

A

It assists an agonist, and compensates for unwanted actions

37
Q

what is a spurt action

A

origin is farther from joint than insertion so movement has greater Y component. ex: brachium radialis

38
Q

What characterizes a shunt movement?

A

A smaller movement component because it is more about stabilizing the joint. Ex: brachialis. Origin is closer to joint than insertion.

39
Q

When is brachialis an agonist?An antagonist?

WHen is triceps an agonist? An antagonist?

What is the role of biceps and brachoradialis in elbow flexion?

A

brachialis is an agonist for elbow flexion and an antagonist for elbow extension

Triceps is an agonist for elbow extension and an antagonist for elbow flexion

Biceps and Brachioradialis are synergists for elbow flexion

40
Q

Where do nerves enter muscles?

A

Around proximal third.

41
Q

What are recurrent arteries?

A

Arteries in which blood flows toward the heart. Can often lead to an anastamosis, a meeting of two arteries with opposite directions of blood flow

42
Q

muscles are ___ in blood supply; tendons have ___ blood supply

A

RICH; POOR

GA lecture (2 decks)

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