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Battery Exam > Outer Fibrous & Middle Vascular Tunic > Flashcards

Outer Fibrous & Middle Vascular Tunic Flashcards

1
Q

T/F
THE EYE IS A Very complex and delicate organ consisting of many
tissues which protect optic nerve and photoreceptor cells

A

TRUE

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2
Q

The eye is Located in the skull cavity and is surrounded by _____
muscle and _____ tissues

A

fibrous; lipoidal

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3
Q

t/f
A normal human eye can see about 1 million different
colors

A

f; 10 million

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4
Q

Cornea and sclera are connected by a ring called

A

limbus

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5
Q

conveys signals of the eye to the brain

A

Optic nerve

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6
Q

___________________ is the clear fluid contained in the anterior
and posterior chamber

A

Aqueous humor

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7
Q

_________________ is the clear gel-like fluid in the vitreous
chamber

A

Vitreous humor

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8
Q

3 main layer of the eyes

A

Outer fibrous tunic
Middle Vascular tunic
Inner Nervous tunic

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9
Q

Covers the exposed part of the
globe, e.g. cornea (anterior to
the pupil), conjunctiva (anterior
to the sclera)
● Comes directly in contact with
the environment
● Protects eye from external environment
● Located anterior to the cornea

A

precorneal tear film

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10
Q

lipid/oil layer is produced by

A

meibomian glans

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11
Q

lipid/oil layer is secreted by

A

meibomian, zeis & moll glands

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12
Q

The outermost, most superficial layer of the pre-corneal tear film

A

lipid layer

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13
Q

PCTF

retard evaporation of aqueous

A

lipid layer

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14
Q

PCTF

PREVENTS OVERFLOW OF TEARS

A

LIPID LAYER

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15
Q

AQUEOUS LAYER OF PCTF IS PRODUCED BY

A

LACRIMAL GLAND

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16
Q

PCTF

THICKES LAYER

A

AQUEOUS LAYER

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17
Q

which layer of pctf nourishes cornea with oxygen?

A

aqueous layer

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18
Q

aqueous layer of pctf has antibacterial function due to presence of

A

lysozyme

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19
Q

Aqueous layer of PCTF allows passage of _______________________ after injury

A

leucocytes

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20
Q

PCTF

Produced by goblet cells

A

mucin/mucoid layer

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21
Q

PCTF
secreted by conjunctival goblet cells & gland of Manz

A

mucin layer

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22
Q

PCTF
FUNCTIONS IN LUBRICATION

A

MUCIN LAYER

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23
Q

PCTF

THINNEST

A

MUCIN LAYER

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24
Q

Outermost layer of the eye containing cornea and sclera

A

Outer Fibrous Tunic

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25
Q

T/F
The cornea is 1/6 of the eye

A

T

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26
Q

T/F

the cornea has blood vessels

A

F
cornea is avascular

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27
Q

The first transparent medium where light passes through

A

cornea

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28
Q

The tissue in the cornea absorbs its nutrition and oxygen by ____

A

diffusion

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29
Q

Cornea is responsible for approximately ______ of focusing power of eye

A

70%

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30
Q

T/F

Gas-permeable contact lenses can be worn for longer periods than hard contact lenses

A

T

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31
Q

Describe the prolate shape of cornea

A

steeper center, flatter periphery

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32
Q

Refractive index of cornea

A

1.376

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33
Q

Dioptric power of cornea

A

43.25 D

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34
Q

Anterior anatomical section shape of cornea

A

Elliptical

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35
Q

Posterior/internal anatomical section shape of cornea

A

circular

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36
Q

Anterior Radius of Curvature of Central Cornea

A

7.8 mm

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37
Q

Posterior Radius of Curvature of Central Cornea

A

6.5mm

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38
Q

Vertical corneal dimension (measurement)

A

11mm

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39
Q

Horizontal corneal dimension (measurement)

A

12mm

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40
Q

3 factors for corneal transparency

A
  1. Anatomical factors
  2. Physical factors
  3. Physiological factors
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41
Q

What factor of corneal transparency:

Epithelium is non-keratinized (nucleated living cells)

A

Anatomical Factor

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42
Q

What factor of corneal transparency:
Stromal lamellae are regularly arranged

A

Anatomical

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43
Q

What factor of corneal transparency:
Cornea is avascular

A

Anatomical

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44
Q

What factor of corneal transparency:
Refractive index of fibers and matrix is the same

A

Physcal factor

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45
Q

Physiological factor

State where the cornea is partially dehydrated for it to be transparent

A

Deturgescence

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46
Q

Layers of the cornea

A

Anterior Epithelium
Bowman’s Membrane
Corneal Stroma
Descemet’s Membrane
Endothelium

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47
Q

Layer of the cornea

50-90 μm

A

Anterior epithelium

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48
Q

Layer of the cornea

12 μm

A

Bowman’s membrane

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49
Q

Layer of the cornea

500 μm

A

Corneal stroma

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50
Q

Anterior epithelium is made up of

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium (5-6
layers containing nerve endings)

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50
Q

T/F

Descemet’s membrane:
5 μm in adult & 2 μm in children

A

false

2 μm in adult & 5 μm in children

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51
Q

Layers of the cornea that regenerates

A

Anterior epithelium
Corneal Stroma
Descemet’s membrane

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52
Q

Layers of the cornea that does not regenerate

A

Bowman’s membrane
Endothelium

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53
Q

Where does regeneration of anterior epithelium occur?

A

limbus/limbal area

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54
Q

junction between cornea and sclera

A

limbus/limbal area

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55
Q

t/f
Anterior epithelium is hydrophilic to maintain transparency

A

F
Anterior epithelium is HYDROPHOBIC to maintain transparency

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56
Q

5-7 layers of cells of anterior epithelium regenerate every ____ days to prevent scar formation

A

7

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57
Q

Cells in the anterior epithelium

A

Wing cell layer
Epithelial cells
Basal cell layer

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58
Q

Outer 2-3 layers of anterior epithelium

A

epithelial cells

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59
Q

Middle 2-4 cell layer of anterior epithelium

A

wing cell layer

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60
Q

Flat with many microvilli & horizontal nuclei. Joined with desmosomes to prevent tears
from penetrating the cornea

A

epithelial cells

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61
Q

shape of wing cell layer

A

polyhedral

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62
Q

t/f
Wing cell layer has deep cells with round nuclei, becomes flatter as cells approach the surface of the
cornea

A

t

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63
Q

Wing cell layer is Joined together from base to apex by
desmosomes and _____________________________

A

zonula occludens

64
Q

Cell in the anterior epithelium:

Tall and columnar cells that often show mitosis

A

basal cell layer

65
Q

Lateral cell borders of basal cell layer are joined by
_____________________

A

desmosomes

66
Q

basal cell layer is Joined to the basement membrane by

A

hemidesmosomes

67
Q

Basement membrane is firmly attached to underlying Bowman zone by _________ filaments

A

irregular

68
Q

After injury of basement membrane, attachments may take as long as _____________ to be
reestablished

A

6 weeks

69
Q

This extracellular matrix of the cornea is secreted by basal cells and composed of type IV collagen and laminin

A

Basement membrane

70
Q

Basemnt membrane is secreted by the

A

basal cell

71
Q

Basement membrane is composed of __________________

A

type IV collagen and laminin

72
Q

Minute spaces in between basal cells and disappear gradually towards the surface. This may be distended pathologically

A

lymph spaces

73
Q

Cell junctions

A

Zonula occludens (tight junctions)
Zonula adherens (desmosomes)
Hemidesmosomes

74
Q

Cell junction between wing cells. This encircle the cell & form a seal
which prevents small molecules to pass

A

zonula occludens

75
Q

Zonula occludens is also known as

A

tight junctions

76
Q

Cell junction between basal cells

A

Zonula adherens

77
Q

Zonula adherens is also known as

A

desmosomes

78
Q

Cell junction between basal cells and basement membrane

A

hemidesmosomes

79
Q

layer of the cornea that is structure less, acellular hyaline stroma

A

bowman’s membrane

80
Q

Bowman’s membrane is made up of _______ oriented collagen fibers

A

randomly

81
Q

Bowman’s membrane is resistant to trauma and infection. This layer regenerates.

1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
2nd statement is true, 1st statement is false
both statements are true
both statements are false

A

1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false

Bowman’s membrane is resistant to trauma and infection. This layer does not regenerate.

82
Q

layer of cornea with 90% of corneal thickness

A

corneal stroma

83
Q

Corneal stroma is also known as

A

substantia propia

84
Q

corneal stroma has ____% water content

A

78%

85
Q

Corneal stroma compose of lamellae of collagen fibrils arranged in a regular ________ (type I, III, V, VI)

A

lattice

86
Q

Examples of wandering cells in corneal stroma

A

leukocyte
macrophages

87
Q

Corneal nerves enter peripherally in a _______ pattern into the stroma

A

radial

88
Q

Injury to this area will result in extreme pain from the swelling and stretching of those nerves

A

corneal stroma

89
Q

what layer of the cornea

true membrane

A

descemet’s membrane

90
Q

Descemet’s membrane is made up of type IV collagen fibers arranged in __________ pattern

A

hexagonal

91
Q

Descemet’s membrane is not resistant to infection & trauma. It does not regenerate after injury

1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
2nd statement is true, 1st statement is false
both statements are true
both statements are false

A

both statements are false

Descemet’s membrane is very resistant to infection & trauma. it regenerates readily after injury

92
Q

T/F
Endothelium consists of a single layer of flattened/hexagonal cells
with large oval nuclei

A

T

93
Q

Endothelium has apices of the cell are in direct contact with the aqueous humor with occasional ___________

A

microvilli

94
Q

layer of the cornea where Cells are tightly bound together by desmosomes & tight junctions

A

endothelium

95
Q

Responsible for deturgescence of corneal stroma

A

endothelium

96
Q

Functions as permeable membrane to bring in oxygen via aqueous while transporting out fluid and
waste product

A

Endothelium

97
Q

Not yet included as part of the layers. Anatomically found between corneal storma and descemet’s membrane

A

Dua’s layer

98
Q

Opaque network of collagen (fibrous protein) and elastic
fibers

A

sclera

99
Q

Sclera covers posterior ___ of the outer coat of the eye

A

5/6

100
Q

SCLERA

Thickest in the region surrounding the _______.

A

optic nerve

101
Q

sclera
Thinnest immediately in the insertions of the _________

A

recti muscles

102
Q

Forms the white of the eye

A

sclera

103
Q

Sclera is covered with:

A

episclera
fascia bulbi (tenon’s capsule)
conjunctiva

104
Q

Sclera is opaque white due to:

A

variable diameter of collagen fibers
irregular arrangement of collagen fibers
high water content

105
Q

3 main functions of sclera

A

Protects
Maintains shape and exact position of diff parts of the optic system
Provides rigid insertion and serves as attachment sites for EOM

106
Q

Give the color of sclera:

  1. Children, scleral thinning
  2. Old
  3. high refractive power
A
  1. bluish
  2. yellowish
  3. bluish
107
Q

Sclera appears bluish in children due to the underlying ______ and the sclera not yet fully developed

A

choroid

108
Q

appears bluish among people with high refractive power due to _____________________________________

A

stretching and continuous elongation

109
Q

Sclera appears yellowish in the older population due to
___________

A

fatty deposits

110
Q

Layers if the sclera

A

episclera
scleral stroma
lamina fusca

111
Q

layer of the sclera

Moderately dense, vascular CT that merges with scleral stroma. The anterior portion has rich blood supply. Blood vessels are inconspicuous (not visible) except
when inflamed

A

Episclera

112
Q

scleral inflammation wherein blood vessels are visible

A

scleritis

113
Q

Layer of the sclera with bundles of typical collagen fibers (type I & III)

A

scleral stroma

114
Q

Scleral stroma is white because the collagen fibers have:

A
  1. Variable diameter
  2. Irregular arrangement
  3. High water content
  4. With fibroblast and pigment cells
115
Q

Layer of the sclera

  • Innermost layer
  • Formed mainly of elastic fibers & fine collagen fibers
  • Brown color due to the melanocytes from the choroid
A

lamina fusca

116
Q

lamina fusca is brown due to the ____________________ from the choroid

A

melanocytes

117
Q

Middle layer of the eye. Consists of Choroid, ciliary body & iris

A

Middle vascular tunic

118
Q

Highly pigmented coat lining the sclera

A

choroid

119
Q

Structure connecting choroid & iris. Lined by the ciliary part of the retina

A

Ciliary body

120
Q

Parts of the ciliary body

A

Pars plana
Pars plicata

121
Q

Part of the ciliary body near the choroid

A

pars plana

122
Q

part of the ciliary body: smooth ciliary ring

A

pars plana

123
Q

part of the ciliary body: ridged crown

A

pars plicata

124
Q

Ciliary body contains:

A

Ciliary muscle
Ciliary processes

125
Q

Ciliary muscles comprises 2 sets of smooth muscle fibers which are

A

longitudinal fibers
Oblique fibers

126
Q

smooth muscle fiber in the ciliary muscle that connect sclera to choroid

A

longitudinal fibers

127
Q

smooth muscle fiber in the ciliary muscle that enter the base of ciliary processes

A

oblique fibers

128
Q

smooth muscle fiber in the ciliary muscle Supplied by parasympathetic fibers by the way of ciliary nerves

A

oblique fibers

129
Q

Contraction of oblique fibers makes ciliary body move _________

A

anteriorward

130
Q

Ciliary processes are about a. _____in number. Arranged in a circle posterior to the b. _______
- Site of secretion of c. ____________

A

a. 70
b. iris
c. aqueous humor

131
Q

Circular, pigmented diaphragm. Lies anterior to the lens in a coronal plane

A

iris

132
Q

Iris has a pattern of radial striations that is unique from one
individual to another.

t/f

A

t

133
Q

Iris is anchored ____________ to the ciliary body

A

peripherally

134
Q

2 chambers divided by iris between cornea and lens

A

Anterior chamber
posterior chamber

135
Q

Chamber bounded by cornea and iris

A

anterior chamber

136
Q

chamber filled with aqueous humor

A

Anterior chamber and Posterior chamber

137
Q

chamber bounded by iris, ciliary process, zonule, crystalline lens

A

posterior chamber

138
Q

Parts of the iris

A

Collaterette
Stroma
SPhicter pupillae
Dilator pupillae

139
Q

Anterior surface of the iris

A

collarette

140
Q

Part of the iris
Normally contains melanin pigment

A

stroma

141
Q

Color of eyes with low melanin amount

A

blue

142
Q

COlor of eyes with high melanin amount

A

brown

143
Q

Situated in the posterior part of the iris, near the
pupil

A

sphincter pupillae

144
Q

what type of muscle does sphincter pupillae have?

A

smooth muscle

145
Q

Sphincter pupillae is supplied by parasympathetic fibers by way of

A

short ciliary nerves

146
Q

Contraction of sphincter pupillae muscle results in pupillary

A

constriction (miosis)

147
Q

what drug is placed on the eye which annuls the action of ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae
(both are under parasympathetic control)

A

atropine-like

148
Q

Consists smooth muscle anterior to the pigmented epithelium on the posterior aspect of the iris, which constitutes iridial part of the retina

A

Dilator pupillae

149
Q

Dilator pupillae is supplied by ____________ fibers

A

sympathetic

150
Q

Contraction of dilator pupillae results in _____ of the pupil

A

dilation (mydriasis)

151
Q

Sympathetic innervation arises as preganglionic nerves leaving the spinal cord in the upper 4 thoracic
_________

A

ventral roots

152
Q

transmit the sympathetics to the gangliated chain and the preganglionic fibers enter and ascend the cervical sympathetic chain

A

White rami

153
Q

Dilator pupillae

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse in the

A

superior cervical ganglion

154
Q

Nerve fibers in the dilator pupillae follow the _____________ and ___________ to reach the eye

A

internal carotid;
ophthalmic arteries

155
Q

Congenital, radial defect of the iris

A

coloboma

156
Q

What is the radial muscle of the iris?

A

dilator pupillae

157
Q

What is the circular muscle of the iris?

A

iris sphincter

158
Q

Accompanied with a small (meiotic) pupil and slight
drooping of the upper eyelid due to paralysis of the
superior tarsal muscle

A

horner’s syndrome

Battery Exam (4 decks)

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