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Battery Exam > Inner Nervous Tunic > Flashcards

Inner Nervous Tunic Flashcards

1
Q

Eye part in the inner nervous tunic

A

retina

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2
Q

The area where image is cast. Covers posterior 5/6 of the eye

A

retina

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3
Q

Light-sensitive tissue lining the inside of the eye

A

Retina

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4
Q

Nerve fibers within send electrical signals to the brain which then interprets these signals as ______________

A

visual image

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5
Q

3 Distinct regions of the retina

A

Optic nerve head/Optic Disc/Blind spot
Macula lutea
Peripheral retina

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6
Q

Site where ganglion cell axons accumulate & exit the eye.

A

optic disc

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7
Q

optic disc is also known as

A

optic nerve head
blind spot

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7
Q

optic disc is Slightly elongated

A

vertically

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8
Q

Horizontal diameter of optic disc

A

1.7 mm

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9
Q

vertical diameter of optic disc

A

1.9 mm

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10
Q

Macula lutea is also known as

A

Yellow spot (lutein & zeaxanthin)

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11
Q

Dark area located at the posterior pole of the eyeball, temporal to the optic disc

A

macula lutea

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12
Q

Diameter of macula lutea

A

5.5mm

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13
Q

Most sensitive part of the retina

A

macula lutea

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14
Q

part of the retina responsible for photopic vision

A

macula lutea

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15
Q

Yellow pigmented area surrounding the fovea centralis

A

macula lutea

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16
Q

fovea centralis is located within __________________

A

macula lutea

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17
Q

Fovea centralis contains

A

cones

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18
Q

site of highest visual acuity

A

fovea centralis

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19
Q

T/F

Fovea centralis is vascular

A

F
Avascular

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20
Q

Fovea centralis receives nutrition by diffusion via _______________________

A

choriocapillaris

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21
Q

Central floor of fovea

A

foveola

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22
Q

diameter of foveola

A

0.35mm

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

tiny depression at the center of foveola

A

umbo

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24
Q

part of the retina that contains rods for scotopic vision

A

peripheral retina

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25
Q

10 Layers of the Retina (From closest to vitreous)

A

Inner limiting membrane
Nerve fiber layer
Ganglion cell layer
Inner plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Outer Plexiform layer
Outer nuclear layer
Outer limiting membrane
Layer of rods and Cones
Retinal Pigmented epithelium

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26
Q

Outermost layer of the retina adjacent to choroid

A

Retinal pigmented epithelium

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26
Q

RPE is made up of single layer of __________________________________________

A

hexagonal epithelial cells

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27
Q

Outer portion of RPE has nucleus & moderate number of round
pigment ___________

A

granules

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28
Q

Inner portion has pigment granules: _________________________

A

Melanin (fuscin)

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29
Q

Functions of RPE

A
  1. Absorbs light
  2. Prevents reflection of light rays back from the retina
  3. Stores Vitamin A
  4. Remove debris from rods and cones by phagocytic action
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30
Q

layer of the retina that contains the light-sensitive receptor cells

A

layer of rods and cones

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31
Q

light-sensitive receptor cells

A

rods and cones

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32
Q

2 dendrites in the layer of rods and cones

A

Outer segment
Inner segment

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33
Q

Dendrites that Contains visual pigment molecules

A

outer segment

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34
Q

Visual pigment molecule of rods

A

rhodopsin

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35
Q

Visual pigment molecule of cones

A

iodopsin

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36
Q

Dendrite that contains organells

A

inner segment

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37
Q

organelles in the inner segment

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
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38
Q

LAYER OF RODS AND CONES

contains nucleus and photoreceptors

A

cell body

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39
Q

LAYER OF RODS AND CONES
synapses with dendrites of bipolar neurons

A

axon

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40
Q

Outer limiting membrane is a Thin layer formed by the chief supporting cells called _______________

A

Muller cells

41
Q

This layer of the retina is not a true membrane

A

Outer Limiting Membrane

42
Q

Outer limiting membrane is composed of ____________________ junctions between photoreceptors and Muller cells

A

zonula adherens

43
Q

Composed of zonula adherens junctions between __________________ and ______________

A

photoreceptors; Muller cells

44
Q

Act as a metabolic barrier restricting the passage of some
large molecules

A

Outer limiting membrane

45
Q

Contains nuclei of rods & cones

A

outer nuclear layer

46
Q

Outer nuclear layer is the thickest in the fovea due to

A

concentration of cones

47
Q

Approximate thickness of nasal edge of optic disc (ONL)

A

8-9 cells thick

48
Q

Approximate thickness of temporal edge of optic disc (ONL)

A

4 rows thick

49
Q

Contains axodendritic synapses between photoreceptor
cells & dendrites of bipolar and horizontal cells

A

ONL

50
Q

ONL contains _____________ synapses between photoreceptor
cells & dendrites of bipolar and horizontal cells

A

axodendritic

51
Q

ONL contains axodendritic synapses between ______________ & _________________________________________ cells

A

photoreceptor cells; dendrites of bipolar and horizontal

52
Q

Inner nuclear layer contains the nucleus of:

A
  1. Bipolar neurons
  2. Horizontal neurons
  3. Amacrine neurons (unipolar neuron)
  4. Neuroglial cells/Muller cells
53
Q

INL contains axodendritic synapses between________________ and _________________ and _______________

A

axons of bipolar neurons; dendrites of ganglion cells; amacrine cells

54
Q

Contains cell bodies of large multipolar neurons of ganglion cells

A

ganglion cell layer

55
Q

NFL contains _________________ axons of the ganglion cells

A

unmyelinated

56
Q

Axons of NFL become myelinated as the nerves pierces the ____________

A

sclera

57
Q

Thickest at the margin of optic disc

A

nerve fiber layer

58
Q

ILM is formed by __________________ of _______________

A

basal laminae; muller cells

59
Q

Forms innermost boundary of retina

A

inner limiting membrane

60
Q

CELLS IN THE RETINA

A

Pigmented Epithelium
Nerve Cells
Neuroglial cells

61
Q

Pigmented epithelium is a Single layer of a.___________ cells. b.____________in the posterior pole. Longer, narrower, and densely pigmented in ________area. Larger and cuboidal in the ______________. Apex consists of ____________ extending in layer of rods & cones.

A

a. hexagonal
b. Columnar
c. macular
d. ora serrata
e. microvilli

62
Q

True or false

Pigmented epithelium has intercellular junction

A

false
Pigmented epithelium has NO intercellular junction

63
Q

Pigmented epithelium connect _______ and _________

A

RPE; photoreceptor cells

64
Q

Nerve Cells

A

Photoreceptor cells
Bipolar cell
Ganglion cell
Amacrine cell

65
Q

Special sense cell containing pigments that absorb photons of light

A

Photoreceptor cells

66
Q

First-order neuron in visual pathway

A

photoreceptor cells

67
Q

Size of rods

long or short

A

long

68
Q

Size of cones

long or short

A

short

69
Q

Synaptic terminal of rods

A

spherule

70
Q

Synaptic terminal of cones

A

Pedicle

71
Q

Number of rods

A

91M

72
Q

Number of cones

A

4.5 M

73
Q

Location of rods

A

periphery

74
Q

Location of Cones

A

Center

75
Q

Second-neuron in the visual pathway

A

bipolar cell

76
Q

Bipolar cell’s nucleus is large with minimal cell body ________. Releases a neurotransmitter _______

A

cytoplasm; glutamate

77
Q

Bipolar cell dendrite synapses with:

A

a. Axons of photoreceptor cells
b. Horizontal cell

78
Q

Bipolar cell axon synapses with:

A

a. Dendrites of ganglion cell
b. Processes of amacrine cell

79
Q

Ganglion cell is a _______ neuron

A

multipolar

80
Q

Third-order neuron in visual pathway

A

Ganglion cell

81
Q

cell layer absent in the fovea

A

ganglion cell layer

82
Q

Ganglion cell dendrite synapses with

A

a. Axons of bipolar cells
b. Amacrine cells

83
Q

Axons of ganglion cell

Transmit visual impulses synapse in a. ________
Transmit afferent impulses to control pupillary response to lighten apse in the ___________ in midbrain

A

a. LGB
b. pretectal nuclei

84
Q

______________ cell bodies lie at the inner nuclear layer. Processes are directed _____________ towards the ganglion cell layer in the inner plexiform layer. Oriented ________the direction of light impulse transmission

A

a. Amacrine cell
b. inward
c. against

85
Q

Amacrine cell Processes synapses with:

A

a. Dendrites of ganglion cells
b. Axons of bipolar cells

86
Q

Amacrine cell carries information _____________

A

horizontally

87
Q

3 neuroglial cells

A

Muller cells
Microglial cells
Astrocyte

88
Q

Neuroglial cells that Provide structural support by enclosing the dendrite processes

A

muller cell

89
Q

Neuroglial cell that is wandering phagocytic cells engage in phagocytosis of degenerating retinal neurons

A

microglial cells

90
Q

Neuroglial cell that is star-shaped fibrous cells which encircles the nerve fibers and retinal capillaries

A

Astrocyte

91
Q

Visual Pathway

A

Retina
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
LGN
Optic radiations
Visual cortex

92
Q

formed by axons of ganglion cells

A

optic nerve

93
Q

Dendrites or Axons

Going to cell body

A

Dendrites

94
Q

Dendrites or Axons

Away from cell body

A

Axons

95
Q

Outermost layer of retina composed of _________________ and ____________ of rod & cone neurons

A

photoreceptors; dendritic processes

96
Q

Photoreceptors are excited by light, they are in a synaptic relationship with ______________________

A

bipolar neuron

97
Q

Bipolar neurons interact with _________________ neurons

A

ganglion

98
Q

Axons of retinal ganglion cell neurons coalesce to form
__________________ and course in the optic nerve

A

optic disc

99
Q

At optic chiasma, axons originating from medial (nasal) retina decussate & continue as
___________ optic tract

A

contralateral

100
Q

At optic chiasma, axons originating from lateral (temporal) retina remain _______________ & course in the ____________ optic tract

A

ipsilateral; ipsilateral

101
Q

The degree of decussation of optic nerve fibers at the optic chiasm varies in different species

T/F

A

True

102
Q

As a general rule, the less lateral the eyes are placed on the head, the greater the degree of decussation, and the less vision is binocular.

T/F

A

TRUE
As a general rule, the MORE lateral the eyes are placed on the head, the greater the degree of decussation, and the less vision is binocular.

103
Q

In primates, essentially all the fibers from medial half of
retina cross, while all fibers from lateral half of retina
remain ________________ enabling binocular vision.

A

ipsilateral

Battery Exam (4 decks)

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