Outcome Measurement Flashcards
It is the result, effect or product, usually of some action. In the context of health, it is the effect on the patient’s health status that is attributed to an intervention.
Outcomes
Specific result or effect that can be measured.
Outcomes
Example/s of Outcomes in the Context of Health
• Decreases Pain
• Reduce Tumor Size
• Body Temperature
The end results of medical care. What happened to the patient in terms of palliation, control of illness, cure, or rehabilitation.
Outcomes
It directs the attention specifically to the patient’s well-being; it emphasizes individuals over groups, and the interests of unique patients over those of society.
Outcomes
It can be measured clinically.
Outcomes
Example/s of Outcomes (Clinically)
• Physical Examinations
• Laboratory Tests
• Imaging
(T/F): The outcomes used in economic evaluations should ideally reflect final health outcomes rather than intermediate clinical markers.
T
This is in contrast to clinical practice, where the focus is usually on measuring intermediate physiological indicators.
Outcomes
(T/F): It is usually straightforward to decide on the final outcome measure for acute conditions, as interventions are usually prevalent.
F / Prevalent / CURATIVE
(T/F): For chronic conditions, the use of intermediate indicators is more curative.
F / Curative / PREVALENT
(T/F): The choice of an outcome defines the type of the economic evaluation that may be employed.
T
Three (3) Relative Treatment Effect
- Physiological Measures and Clinical Events
- Survival
- Quality of Life
These are disease-specific outcome measures.
Physiological Measures
It convey precise information about an individual’s bodily function.
Physiological Measures
Give example/s of physiological measures that can be measured bodily function, and are quantifiable.
• Heart Rate
• Skin Temperature
• Cortisol Level
• Eye Tracking
These are physical measures that are widely used in clinical practice.
• Cholesterol Levels
• Blood Pressure
• Bone Density
These are the physiology of our body that can be measured through numbers.
Physiological Measures
(T/F): Low BP is known to be the risk factor for stroke.
F / Low BP / HIGH BP
(T/F): By the means of physiologic measures, we can predict the intermediate outcomes and might prevent the negative clinical events.
T
The expected value of the loss function / loss.
Risk Function
It estimate the risk of clinical events as the function of the level of the physiological measure.
Risk Function
(T/F): The ultimate aim of physiological measures is not only to avoid these events but to avoid their “consequences” in terms of disability or death.
T
They are usually collected in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs).
Survival Data
They are normally expressed as the proportion of patients alive at the end of the trial, the number of deaths averted, or (more commonly) the number of Life Years Saved (LYS).
Survival Data
It examines time to event series.
Survival Data
Evaluating interventions aimed at reducing the burden of chronic diseases.
Quality of Life (QoL)
(T/F): The primary objective of QoL is to improve the patient’s quality of living via mental or physical abilities.
T
Based on WHO, this is the combination of physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease.
Health
Measures of health-related QoL can either be __________.
Generic or Disease-Specific
It focuses on dimensions of the patient QoL related to the particular condition.
Disease-Specific Measures
Example/s of Disease-Specific Measures
• Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
• Multiple Sclerosis QoL Inventory (MSQLI)
These measures have the advantage of being more sensitive to the impact of particular diseases.
Disease-Specific Measures
(T/F): Disease-Specific Measures cannot be used for decision-making regarding the allocation of resources across more than one condition.
T
It do not focus on particular diseases but rather on the general dimensions of health such as depression, pain, mobility, etc.
Generic Measures
Example/s of General Dimensions of Health
• Physical Health
• Emotional Health
• Mental Health
• Social Health
• Spiritual Health
These measures are less sensitive to changes in patient disease status.
Generic Measures
Common Used Versions of Generic Measures of HRQoL
- Short Form-36
- Nottingham Health Profile
- Sickness Impact Profile
- General Wellbeing Scale
Another generic measure that can be used to compare outcomes across different patient groups and disease areas.
Utility
Defined as the “value of person places on particular health state or health outcome.”
Utility
It is generally between 0 to 1, death to life.
Utility
It measures of the value that an individual gives particular health state.
Utility
Two (2) Types of Off-The-Shell Questionnaires
- Descriptive System
- Accompanying Tariff
It is preferred by health economists because it is based on making choices and taking risks.
Standard Gamble
Standard Gamble involves Two (2) Alternatives
- Living in Full Health
- Immediate Death
In this method, the respondent is offered Two (2) Alternatives: Alternative 1 is Full Health for Time and Alternative 2 is To Remain in Health State.
Time Trade-Off (TTO)
Two (2) Preferred Methods for Measuring Utilities
- Standard Gamble
- Time Trade-Off (TTO)
It is possible to elicit health state preferences directly using the direct __________ designed to elicit preferences.
Valuation Techniques
When capturing the costs and benefits of an intervention, economic evaluations must account for differences in resource use and health gain over time.
Time Horizon
This is the longevity of the treatment.
Time Horizon
The “length of time over which costs and consequences are assessed.”
Time Horizon
(T/F): If the chosen time horizon does not reflect the observed pattern of costs and consequences, then the results of an economic evaluation are likely to be reliable.
F / Reliable / UNRELIABLE
Making future costs and consequences reflect their current value in this way ensures that studies reflect “positive time preference.”
Discounting
This refers to our preference as individuals to consume benefits now but pay for them later.
Discounting
In most studies, the “discount rate” is usually set between __________.
0% and 6%
