Outcome 1, SAC 2

Question 1

What are the leading causes of mortality in Australia?

Answer 1

Coronary heart disease
Dementia and Alzheimers
Cerebrovascular disease
Lung cancer
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 2

What are the most common long-term conditions among older Australians?

Answer 2

Hearing loss
Arthritis
Musculoskeletal problems
Elevated blood pressure
Cholesterol levels

Question 3

Define disability

Answer 3

A continuum from having no impairment or limitation to the complete loss of functioning or ability to complete a task.

Question 4

Define biological factors

Answer 4

Factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing.

Question 5

What are the biological factors?

Answer 5

Genetics
Body weight
Blood cholesterol
Blood pressure
Blood glucose regulation
Birthweight
Age

Question 6

Define genetics

Answer 6

Genetics plays a role in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing specific illnesses. Conditions can be related to genetic inheritance of DNA variants, referred to as mutations, which result in a change in one of the genes affecting the way the body works or develops.

Question 7

Define body weight

Answer 7

Body weight is influenced by genetics as well as body function in relation to metabolism and hormonal control.
Body weight can also be determined by an individuals body type.

Question 8

Define overweight

Answer 8

When a persons weight is 10 to 20 per cent higher than ‘normal’, as defined by BMI of 25 to 30.

Question 9

Define obese

Answer 9

A condition in which a persons weight is 20 per cent or more above ‘normal’ weight, or they have a BMI of 30 or more.

Question 10

Define cholesterol

Answer 10

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance used by the body to build cell walls. its is either produced in the liver or absorbed from animal fats eaten. Cholesterol is a fat-based chemical so in order for it to travel around the body it needs to be carried in small packages called lipoproteins.

Question 11

Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Answer 11

High LDL levels produce a build-up of cholesterol in your arteries, referred to as plaque. An increase in plaque can narrow the arteries or affect the flow of blood to the heart. This causes a decrease in the amount of oxygen-carrying blood, resulting in coronary heart disease. (bad cholesterol)

Question 12

High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Answer 12

Carries cholesterol from other parts of the body to the liver, which then removes it from the body. (good cholesterol)

Question 13

Define high blood pressure

Answer 13

When blood is being pumped through the arteries at a harder and faster rate than is considered normal and healthy. This is also known as hypertension.

Question 14

Define atherosclerosis

Answer 14

Hardening of the arteries
blood pumping harder
plaque build up and narrowing arteries

Question 15

Define blood glucose regulation

Answer 15

Impaired glucose regulation is characterised by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion and is often referred to as pre-diabetes.

Question 16

Define low birthweight

Answer 16

Birthweight is the first weight of the newborn measured immediately after birth. Birthweight less than 2500g is considered low. The two main reasons a baby is born at low birthweight is premature birth and foetal growth restriction.

Question 17

What are some health problems that may be faces by low birthweight babies?

Answer 17

Respiratory distress syndrome
Bleeding in the brain
Heart problems
Eye conditions

Question 18

What are some health problems that may be faces by low birthweight babies later in life?

Answer 18

High blood pressure
Type 2 diabetes
Heart disease

Question 19

Define age

Answer 19

Can result in the deterioration of body systems due to various forms of cellular damage that occurs overtime. This damage can cause a reduction in both physical and mental function and makes the individual more susceptible to illness, long-term conditions and diseases.

Question 20

Define sociocultural factor

Answer 20

Aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health and wellbeing.

Question 21

What are the sociocultural factors?

Answer 21

Social networks-family
Social networks-peers and the community
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Level of education
Employment status
Overcrowding and homelessness
Access to health information

Question 22

Define social networks-family

Answer 22

The earliest years of an individuals life have a crucial impact on their path of health and wellbeing. Factors such as income, education, community resources and other social and economic factors can affect health at every stage of life, but the effects on young children are particularly dramatic.

Question 23

Define social networks-peers and the community

Answer 23

Social support is the perception and actuality that individuals are cared for, have assistance available from other people when needed and are part of a supportive social network. The support given can be emotional, tangible, informational or companionship.

Question 24

Define socioeconomic status

Answer 24

An individuals SES is often associated with their income, as SES is determined by the key elements of income, education level, employment status and occupational type.

Question 25

Define level of education

Answer 25

Higher levels of education are sometimes associated with higher income and better employment prospects. They also allow the individual to participate in and connect with the wider community. A higher level of education decreases illnesses and have better mental health than those with lower levels of education.

Question 26

Define employment status

Answer 26

The place of employment can not only provide a setting where healthy activities and behaviours are promoted, but it can also provide a sense of identity, social status and purpose in life, as well as social support. employment also provides a source of income, which gives people the opportunity to pursue health-promoting behaviours and the ability to live in circumstances that promote health.

Question 27

differences in population groups for smoking

Answer 27

more common in low SES groups than high SES groups more common in males then females more common in rural and remote areas compared to major cities more common among aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders compared to other Australians

Question 28

how does smoking contribute to health status

Answer 28

higher rates of CVD higher rates of cancer smoking in pregnancy can cause miscarriage, low birthweight and stillbirth and can increase risks of SIDS can cause poor circulation and therefore increase risk of amputations type 2 diabetes

Question 29

differences in population groups for alcohol

Answer 29

low SES groups are less likely to exceed alcohol consumption guidelines than those from high SES groups those in remote or very remote areas are are more likely to consume alcohol at risky levels once a week than those in major cities

Question 30

how does alcohol contribute to health status

Answer 30

``` increase risk of death from road accidents increase Risk of falls, injuries, drowning overweight and obesity liver disease mental illness some cancers CVD foetal alcohol spectrum disorder ```

Question 31

differences in population groups for high BMI

Answer 31

more common among those living in rural and remote areas compared to those living in major cities more common among males compared with females more common among those from low SES groups compared to those from high SES groups more common among aboriginal and Torres strait islander people compared with other Australia

Question 32

how does high BMI contribute to health status

Answer 32

increase risk of type 2 diabetes reduce life expectancy increase CVD increase burden of disease from respiratory and musculoskeletal conditions

Question 33

underconsumption of fruit and veggies

Answer 33

colorectal cancer CVD obesity

Question 34

underconsumption of dairy foods

Answer 34

osteoporosis

Question 35

high intake of fat

Answer 35

obesity type 2 diabetes CVD colorectal cancer

Question 36

high intake of salt

Answer 36

CVD | osteoporosis

Question 37

high intake of sugar

Answer 37

obesity diabetes mellitus CVD

Question 38

low intake of fibre

Answer 38

colorectal cancer overweight and obesity CVD type 2 diabetes

Question 39

low intake of iron

Answer 39

increase risk of iron deficiency anaemia

Question 40

health status differences between males and females

Answer 40

males hava a LE of around 4 years less than females males have higher rates of injuries than females males have higher rates of morbidity from CVD males have higher rates of diabetes

Question 41

biological factors - males/females

Answer 41

males have higher rates of overweight higher levels of hormone testosterone, which poses health risks females have a genetic predisposition to breast cancer

Question 42

sociocultural factors - males/females

Answer 42

males more likely to be unemployed | females more likely to access health information and support services

Question 43

environmental factors - males/females

Answer 43

work outdoors, increasing sun exposure | exposed to be unsafe work experience

Question 44

health status differences between indigenous/non

Answer 44

lower LE of around 10 years poorer self assessed health status higher morbidity rates from CVD higher mortality rates and BOD from diabetes

Question 45

biological factors - indigenous/non

Answer 45

indigenous and Torres Strait islanders are more likely to be: overweight and obesity insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation high blood pressure

Question 46

sociocultural factors - indigenous/non

Answer 46

higher rates of unemployment lower incomes high blood cholesterol levels

Question 47

environmental factor - indigenous/non

Answer 47

more likely to be exposed to poor air quality e.g. exposure to tobacco smoke lower quality of roads in remote areas less access to infrastructure and physical resources such as health care

Question 48

health status differences between high and low SES groups

Answer 48

Lower life expectancy higher rates of diabetes higher rates of coronary heart disease

Question 49

biological factors - high/low SES groups

Answer 49

higher rates of obesity higher rates of high blood pressure higher rates of glucose intolerance

Question 50

sociocultural factors - low/high SES groups

Answer 50

lower levels of education higher levels of unemployment housing issues such as o overcrowding

Question 51

environmental factors - low/high SES groups

Answer 51

greater rates of exposure to tobacco smoke in the home exposure to high risks in the work environment poor access to infrastructure and physical resources

Question 52

health status differences between those living within and outside major cities

Answer 52

lower life expectancy high road injury and fatality rates higher death rates from chronic disease such as coronary heart disease

Question 53

biological factors - living within/outside major cities

Answer 53

higher rates of overweight and obesity higher rates of high blood pressure higher rates of high blood cholesterol levels

Question 54

sociocultural factor - living within/outside major cities

Answer 54

higher rates of unemployment difficulty accessing a range of health care facilities and services lower incomes lower levels of educational attainment

Question 55

environmental factor - living within/outside major cities

Answer 55

harsh environment conditions e.g. sun exposure reduced access and quality of recreational facilities less access to fluoridated water

Question 56

monounsaturated fats examples

Answer 56

plant based oils avocados nuts leaner meats

Question 57

monounsaturated fats

Answer 57

lower levels of LDL cholesterol without lowering the levels of high density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol.

Question 58

polyunsaturated fats examples

Answer 58

vegetable oils

Question 59

polyunsaturated fats omega 3

Answer 59

regulating blood pressure and blood clotting and helping tom maintain healthy immune system. also assist in brain and spinal cord function.

Question 60

polyunsaturated fats omega 6

Answer 60

essential for growth, cell structure, maintaining healthy immune system lower risk of CVD

Question 61

over crowding and homelessness

Answer 61

``` housing is considered to be a basic human right and an important influence on wellbeing. overcrowding puts increased stress on health infrastructure, such as water supply and sewerage systems. generally, overcrowding mainly impacts the health of children and can cause respiratory conditions, skin infections and meningitis. e.g. slipping on wet/dirty surfaces trauma from glass fire risk from inflammable materials sewerage systems blocked ```

Question 62

access to health information

Answer 62

access to health and healthcare information is important to ensure there is equity in being able to achieve optimal health across all population groups. some factors that hinder individuals access to healthcare services is geographical location, cultural beliefs, costs of information or services not covered by Medicare, literacy level and lack of availability.

Question 63

define environmental factors

Answer 63

the surroundings in which we live, work and play. The environment includes water and air, workplaces, roads, nature, schools, recreation settings and exposure to hazards.

Question 64

what are the environmental factors

Answer 64

air water and sanitation quality access to physical resources such as transport, recreation facilities and healthcare workplace climate change and natural disasters

Question 65

air water and sanitation quality

Answer 65

poor water and sanitation can lead to communicable diseases the aw&s quality is poorer in rural and remote areas inner cities have poorer air quality as more people smoke sanitation good in industrial but not in remote areas smoking in the home increases asthma, bronchitis and ear infections, babies at higher risk of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) workplace safety e.g. asbestos, causing cancer

Question 66

access to physical resources such as transport, recreation facilities, healthcare

Answer 66

transport & infrastructure enables people to access a range of services, recreational facilities, and health care improving h&wb of a population obesity is higher in rural areas where walking or cycling is impractical and private car use is the only option recreational facilities lack of parks, walking tracks and sporting grounds etc increases risk of chronic diseases e.g. respiratory conditions geographic location of resources such as healthcare where a person lives can determine their level of access to essential services. Living in remote areas of Australia, requires individuals to travel to larger regional cities to access health care. This can result in the delay of the detection and diagnosis of some conditions such as cancers.

Question 67

workplace

Answer 67

the type of work and the tasks involved influence a workers risk of physical injury and illness. physically demanding job may put individuals at a higher risk for long term absence due to physical strain and injury. this puts pressure and stress not only on the employee as they aren't getting an income, but also the employer as they have lost a work member. sedentary jobs can contribute to the risk of obesity and chronic diseases such as heart disease due to the absence of physical activity Shiftwork disturbs sleep

Question 68

climate change and natural disasters

Answer 68

as climate gets hotter, it will impact food production resulting in a change in fresh food consumption due to higher costs, which may increase diet related disease e.g. type 2 diabetes, CVD, obesity mosquito breeding changing resulting in more mosquito-borne diseases e.g. Ross River virus changes to exposure to ultra violet (UV) radiation due to changing temps can increase prevalence of skin cancer (melanoma of the skin) natural disasters impact health outcome: -physical injuries and fatalities -increase in water-borne illnesses leading to gastro-intestinal diseases, diarrhoea and vomiting.