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HSTO 1107 > Outcome 1 - Epithelial Cells > Flashcards

Outcome 1 - Epithelial Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine

A

Secretion which passes to a free surface either directly or via a duct system.

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2
Q

Endocrine

A

Secretion passes directly to the bloodstream (no ducts)

Found in: Anterior Pituitary, Islets of Langerhans

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3
Q

Three ways in which exocrine secretions occur

A

Merocrine - exocytosis from cell apex into a lumen (cell remains intact)

Apocrine - pinching off apical cell cytoplasm

Holocrine - shedding of the whole cell

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4
Q

How are cells classified

A

According to their main function group

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5
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

The development of attributes which provide the cell with a specific function

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6
Q

What are the functions of epithelial cells

A

epithelial cells line the outside of the body, and body cavities. They have various functions depending on the location. Main functions are:
1. Secretion
2. Absorption
3. Protection

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7
Q

What are the three types of epithelial cell junctions

A
  1. occluding junctions
  2. anchoring junctions
  3. Communication junctions
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8
Q

Occluding Junctions

A

Bind cell together and maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier (solid)

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9
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

Link the cytoskeleton of cells to each other and the underlying tissues (hinge)

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10
Q

Communication junctions

A

Allow direct communication between cells (open)

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11
Q

What is the basement membrane comprised of

A

Type IV collagen, and a structural glycoprotein called laminin.

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12
Q

How is epithelium tissue nourished

A

Since epithelium tissue lacks a vascular supply it is nourished by diffusion from the underlying capillary bed.

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13
Q

Explain epithelial cell regeneration

A

Epithelial cells constantly regeneration to replace cells that are damaged physically or chemically.

Simple epithelium just replaces damaged cells.

Stratified epithelium regeneration occurs in the deepest layer then the new cells migrate upwards

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14
Q

Purpose of epithelial cell surface specialization

A
  • Increased surface area (absorption) (microvilli and basolateral folds)
  • Movement of substances (cilia)
  • Protective barriers (keratin)
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15
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger like projections on the apical surface of the cell. Increases absorption.

Found in: kidney tubules and intestinal tract

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16
Q

Stereocilia

A

Long microvilli.

Found in: epididymis

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17
Q

Basolateral folds

A

Folds found on the basal or lateral surface of the cell. Involved in fluid or ion transport

Found in: renal tubular cells and the ducts of secretory glands

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18
Q

Cilia

A

Motile projections on the surface of the cell, and are involved in the transport of fluid.

Most pseudo-stratified epithelium is ciliated

Found in the respiratory tract, and in tissues of the female reproductive system.

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19
Q

Keratinization

A

Straw like stacks on-top of stratified squamous epithelium. Occurs when the cytoskeleton of the cells in the outer layer of the epithelium become condensed and form a protective layer.

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20
Q

Epithelium cell classification

A

Classification depends on the cells shape, and the if the cells are layered.

Shape:
1. Squamous
2. cuboidal
3. Columnar
4. pseudo-stratified (single layer that looks like multiple)

Layers:
1. Single
2. Stratified

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21
Q

urothelium

A

also called transitional epithelium. Specialized type of stratified epithelium that is found only in the urinary tract. The top layer is a cross between cuboidal and squamous, depending on the mount of stretching is needed.

Outer layer can appear domed.

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22
Q

How are epithelial cells nourished

A

Diffusion of blood nutrients from capillaries to the basal membrane

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23
Q

Merocine Secretion

A

The cell remains intact, secretion occurs via exocytosis through the apical portion of the cell. Seen in areas of constant secretion.

Found in: Salivary glands, Sweat glands and the pancreas.

24
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

The secretion-filled apex of the cell is pinched off. (top of the cell is lost along with the secretory product)

Found in: Mammary glands

25
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

The entire cell disintegrates and becomes the excretory product.

Found in: Sebaceous glands (found with hair follicles)

26
Q

Unicellular Glands

A

Goblet and Enteroendocrine cells.

27
Q

Goblet Cell

A

Unicellular, mucin secreting, Exocrine.

Found in: Intestine and bronchi

28
Q

Enteroendocrine Cell

A

Unicellular, Product does not free a free surface. Endocrine.

Found in: Gastrin within the stomach

29
Q

Arrangement of Duct System

A

Simple or Compound

30
Q

Arrangement of Secretory Component

A

Branched or Coiled

31
Q

Shape of Secretory Component

A

Tubular or Acinar

32
Q

Simple Tubular

A

Exocrine. Single, straight tubular lumen

Found in: Large intestine glands

33
Q

Simple coiled tubular

A

Exocrine. Single tube tightly coiled in three dimensions (often seen in various planes of section)

Found in: Sweat glands

34
Q

Simple branched tubular

A

Exocrine. Several tubular secretory portions, converging into a single, unbranched wider duct

Found in: Stomach

35
Q

Simple acinar

A

Exocrine. Pocket in the epithelial surface. Pear or flask shaped.

Found in: Urethra

36
Q

Simple branched acinar

A

Exocrine. Several secretory acini that empty into a single excretory duct

Found in: Sebaceous glands

37
Q

Compound branched tubular

A

Exocrine. Branched duct system with tubular secretory structure

Found in: Brunner’s glands of the duodenum

38
Q

Compound acinar

A

Secretory units are acinar and drain into a branched duct system “cluster of grape” “pale staining”

Found in: Pancreas

39
Q

Compound tubulo-acinar

A

Exocrine. Three types of secretory units; branched tubular, branched acinar and branched tubular with acinar end pieces

Found in: Submandibular Salivary gland

40
Q

Extracellular Secretion

A

Secretion is stored outside of the cell, and stored in space within the gland.

Found in: Thyroid

41
Q

Intracellular Secretion

A

Secretion is stored within the cell.

Found in: Islet of Langerhans, anterior pituitary, and adrenal cortex)

42
Q

What are the arrangements endocrine glands can have?

A

Follicular and ‘Clump and Cord’

43
Q

Follicular Arrangement

A

Endocrine gland arrangement. Follicles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium, and filled with colloid. (colloid is dark staining, with white streaks). Capillaries will be nearby for secretion deposit.

Found in: thyroid

44
Q

Clump and Cord Arrangement

A

Endocrine gland arrangement. lighter pale staining ‘islands’. “grapes”

Found in: islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.

45
Q

What is another name for a pseudostratified ciliated, columnar epithelium with goblet cells?

A

Respiratory epithelium – because it lines the upper respiratory air conducting pathways

46
Q

What separates an epithelium from the underlying connective tissue?

A

Basement membrane - varies in thickness depending on the tissue

47
Q

What is the function of goblet cells dispersed between epithelial cells?

A

Goblet cells secrete mucins that protect and lubricate the surface of the epithelium

48
Q

Mesothelium

A

Simple Squamous epithelium that surrounds internal organs.

49
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple Squamous epithelium that surrounds the heart.

50
Q

Where is Simple Squamous epithelium found?

A

Places where rapid diffusion is happening, such as the lining of the lung alveoli and the blood and lymph vessels.

51
Q

Which organ in the human body has an abundance of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

The kidney

52
Q

Where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Large ducts of some glands; sweat glands, mammary glands, and major salivary glands.

53
Q

Where can you find stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Larger salivary gland ducts, conjunctiva, and male urethra.

54
Q

Where can you find stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium?

A

Internal spaces that have to withstand some abrasion. Such as the soft palate, oesophagus, vagina, and anal canal.

55
Q

Where can you find stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?

A

Places where lots of abrasions occur. Skin.

56
Q

What cellular structures form a brush/striated border?

A

Microvilli

57
Q

What kind of structure do islets of Langerhans have? where are they located?

A

Clump and cord, pancreas

HSTO 1107 (2 decks)

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