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HSTO 1107 > Outcome 1 > Flashcards

Outcome 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Parenchymal Cells

A

These cells occupy most of the tissue volume, and perform the function of the cell.

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2
Q

Support cell

A

Produce extracellular matrix, provide structure and stability. Referred to as connective tissue. Support cells are all derived from embryonic mesenchyme.

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3
Q

What is commonly referred to as “connective tissue”?

A

Support cells and the extracellular matrix.

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4
Q

List the common characteristics of support cells.

A
  1. Derived from embryonic mesenchyme
  2. Produce extracellular materials
  3. Form sparsely cellular tissues predominately composed of extracellular matrix
  4. Cell adhesion mechanisms to interact with other extracellular matrix materials
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5
Q

What are the 5 classes of support cells?

A

fibroblasts, chondrocytes, myofibroblasts, adipocytes, and osteoblasts.

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6
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic tissue that develops into a variety of cells types (support cells) during embryonic life.

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7
Q

Fibroblasts

A

The active cells that have a large nucleus and are spindle shaped. Active in secreting collagen, elastic and reticular fibres. Have a role in tissue repair.

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8
Q

Fibrocytes

A

The inactive version of fibroblasts. They have a condensed nucleus.

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9
Q

Chondrocytes/chondroblasts

A

Chrondroblasts secrete the extracellular matrix components of cartilage.

When embedded in paraffin and artefactual space is formed around a chondroblast known as a lacuna.

Chondrocytes are inactive chondroblasts.

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10
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Secrete the extracellular matrix components of bone.

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11
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

Secrete extracellular matrix components and have a contractile function. Create scar tissue when tissue is damaged.

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12
Q

Adipocytes

A

Lipid-storing support cells that assist in energy storage, endocrine function, and physical protection (fat cells).

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13
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Composed of fibrillar proteins surrounded by glycosaminoglycans.

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14
Q

GAG

A

Glycosaminoglycans; large polysaccarides that provide support and regulate the diffusion of substances through the extracellular matrix.

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15
Q

Fibrillar proteins

A

Provide tensile strength and support to tissues.

4 types of proteins that can form fibrils in the ECM; collagen, elastin, fibrillin, and fibronectin.

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16
Q

Collagen

A

Most abundant fibrillar component of ECM. Can form filaments, fibrils, or meshwork.

Synthesized by fibroblasts and other support cells.

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17
Q

Collagen type II

A

Small banded collagen fibres.

Found in:
1. hyaline and elastic cartilage
2. Vertebral discs
3. Vitreous of the eye

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18
Q

Collagen type III

A

Small banded collagen fibres. Composes reticulin.

Found in:
1. blood vessels
2. Parenchymal organs
3. bone marrow
4. lymphoid tissues
5. smooth muscle
6. nerves
7. lung
8. fetal skin

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19
Q

Collagen IV

A

Sheet-like layers

Found in:
1. basement membranes
2. External laminae
3. lens capsule

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20
Q

Pericytes

A

Smooth muscle-like cells that surround blood vessels. When tissue is damaged, it can differentiate into myofibroblasts and mesenchymal tissue, which further develops into collagenous support tissue and new blood vessels.

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21
Q

Myoepithethelial cells

A

An essential component of certain secretory exocrine glands.

Found in:
Breast

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22
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Precursor muscle cells can divide to form new muscle cells after tissue damage.

A potential source of myoblasts that can fuse to form a new skeletal muscle fibre.

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23
Q

Other names for skeletal muscle cell components

A
  1. Sarcolemma (cell membrane)
  2. Sarcoplasm (cell cytoplasm)
  3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (endoplasmic reticulum)
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24
Q

Sarcomeres

A

Visible plates of accessory proteins that hold the thick and thin filaments in place. Also, divide the myofibrils into functional units.
(skeletal muscle)

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25
Q

Intercalated Disks

A

Intercellular junctions in cardiac muscle. Contain three types of junctions:
1. Desmosomal junctions
2. Adherent type junctions
3. Communicating gap junctions

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26
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Smooth muscle forms the contractile portions of the wall of most hollow viscera, contractile elements in blood vessel walls, and secretory gland ducts.

Areas where sustained slow or rhythmic contractions are not under voluntary control.

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27
Q

How is smooth muscle anchored together?

A

Basement membrane material, additionally tension is generated by contraction allowing the mass of smooth muscle cells to function as one unit.

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28
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

A

Characterized by the joint action of lymphocytes and macrophages to destroy or neutralize the foreign agent.

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29
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

They are characterized by the secretion of proteins by one type of lymphocyte. Antibodies neutralize foreign agents by specifically binding to the antigen.

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30
Q

Where are B lymphocytes found?

A

Concentrated within the specialized lymphoid organs, and in peripheral blood. Also seen in tissues.

Originate in the bone marrow and liver, then move to lymph nodes, spleen, and gut mucosa.

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31
Q

Where are T cells found?

A

Concentrated within the specialized lymphoid organs, blood, and tissues.

Originate in the bone marrow and liver, and mature in the thymus. After maturation, they move to lymph nodes, spleen, and gut mucosa.

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32
Q

What are the main cell types in the thymus?

A

Epitehliocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages.

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33
Q

Epithehilocytes

A

Form the stromal network of the thymus.

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34
Q

Thymocyte

A

The generic term for thymic lymphocytes applies to immature t-cells.

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35
Q

Lymphoid Cells

A

Lymphocytes that reside in lymph nodes.

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36
Q

Immunological Accessory Cells

A

Macrophages

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37
Q

Stromal Cells

A

Comprise the lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts that create the stromal reticular framework.

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38
Q

What are the two main functions of the spleen?

A
  1. To mount a primary immune response to antigens in the blood.
  2. To act as a filter to remove particulate matter and aged or abnormal red blood cells and platelets from circulation.
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39
Q

What is red pulp in the spleen?

A

loose support tissue supported by reticulin fibres. It is also “red” due to all the red blood cells.

40
Q

What is white pulp in the spleen?

A

lymphoid tissue (filled with lymphocytes)

41
Q

Encapsulated lymphoid tissue?

A

Spleen and lymph nodes.

42
Q

non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. (MALT), found in the respiratory, GI and urogenital tracts.

43
Q

GALT

A

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

Found in:
- Tonsils/adenoids
- Peyers patches (small intestine)
- Appendix

44
Q

BALT

A

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue.

Found in:
- mucosa of the bronchi

45
Q

What are the circulatory systems in the body?

A
  1. Lymphatic
  2. Blood
46
Q

Arterial system

A

Transports blood to the capillaries

47
Q

Venous system

A

Transports blood from the capillaries

48
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Transfers oxygenated blood from the heart to all of the body tissues, and returns deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the heart.

49
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Transfers deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and transfers reoxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

50
Q

Portal Systems

A

Specialized vascular channels that carry substances from one site to another, but do not depend on the heart.

51
Q

Large elastic arteries

A

Vessels that carry the output of the left ventricle. Have a large diameter and a high component of elastic tissue in their walls that smooths the systolic pressure wave.

Found in:
- Aorta
- Carotid
- Subclavian
- Renal arteries

52
Q

What are the layers of blood vessel walls?

A
  1. Tunica Intima (closest to the lumen)
  2. Tunica Media (middle layer)
  3. Tunica Adventitia (distal to the lumen)
53
Q

Tunica Intima composition

A

Lining layer of endothelium that sits on a basal lamina. Beneath the basal lamina is a thin layer of fibrocollagenous tissue containing myointimal cells

54
Q

Myointimal cells

A

contractile cells that have properties of smooth muscle, can synthesize collagen and elastin and have phagocytic properties.

55
Q

Tunica media composition

A

predominately smooth muscle reinforced by organized layers of elastic tissue. Arteries have a larger media area.

56
Q

Tunica adventitia composition

A

composed largely of fibroblasts and collagen. Smooth muscle can be present. Most prominent layer in veins.

57
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A
  1. Epicardium (thin outer layer of fibro collagenous tissue and elastic fibres, covered with mesothelial cells)
  2. Myocardium (Makes up the majority of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac muscle. Responsible for the pumping action of the heart)
  3. Endocardium (very thin, inner lining. Covered by endothelial cells that are in contact with the blood).
58
Q

Pericardial Sac

A

The sac that encloses the heart, is composed of compact fibrocollagenous and elastic tissue. Lined internally by the parietal pericardium (mesothelial cells).

59
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

mesothelial cells that line the external surface of the heart. (epicardium)

60
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

The space between the parietal and visceral pericardial laters. Contains serous fluid to lubricate the surfaces and permit fiction-free movement of the heart.

61
Q

What side of the heart has the thickest myocardium layer?

A

Left- needs to pump blood throughout the body.

62
Q

Endocardium

A

The internal lining of the heart chambers.

63
Q

Endocardium composition

A

composed of three layers.
1. The outermost layer, is composed of collagen, cardiac muscle, and Purkinje fibres.
1. The middle layer, the thickest layer, is composed of collagen, and elastic fibres.
2. The inner layer, is composed of endothelial cells.

64
Q

Collagen formation

A
  1. 3 precursor protein chains wind together to form rigid linear triple helix structures known as procollagen.
  2. Fibroblast secretes procollagen
  3. Proteolytic cleavage of amino and carboxyl ends of procollagen forms tropocollagen.
  4. Tropocollagen molecules align into long, leaner filaments, or microfibrils.
  5. Microfirbils are arranged into fibres.
  6. Fibres are arranged into larger bundles.
65
Q

Elastin

A

A protein that forms stretchable and resilient sheets of fibres. produced by fibroblasts.

66
Q

How are elastic fibres composed?

A

composed of elastin and fibrillin. Microfibrils of fibrillin surround and organize a core of elastin.

67
Q

Fibronectin

A

Acts as a mediator glycoprotein between cells and ECM.

68
Q

List the components of the basement membrane.

A
  1. Type IV collagen
  2. Laminins
  3. Perlecan
  4. Nidogens (entactins)
69
Q

What are the layers of the basement membrane.

A
  1. Lamina lucida
  2. Lamina densa
  3. Fibroreticular lamina
70
Q

What are the basic functions of the basement membrane

A

Cell adhesion, diffusion barrier, and regulation of cell growth.

71
Q

what does the suffix ‘blast” denote?

A

That the cell is actively growing or secreting ECM.

72
Q

What does the suffix ‘cyte’ denote?

A

That the cell is in an inactive phase.

73
Q

How can fibrocollagenous tissue be described?

A
  1. Loose connective tissue (composed of thin, haphazardly arranged collagen fibres that are widely spaced)
  2. Dense connective tissue (composed of broad collagen fibres which form a confluent arrangement)
74
Q

What are the main functions of fibrocollagenous tissues?

A
  1. Support nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
  2. Separates functional layers
  3. Supports immune cells
  4. Formation of a fibrous capusle
  5. Formation of fibroadipose tisse.
75
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Firbocartilage
  3. Elastic
76
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Type II collagen

Found in:
- fetal skeleton
- growth plates in long bones
- articular surfaces of joints
- support tissue in the respiratory passages

77
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Type I and II collagen

Found in:
- intervertebral discs
- tendon attachment
- junctions in flat bones of the pelvis

78
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Type II collagen and elastic fibres

Found in:
- external ear
- external auditory canal
- auditory tube
- epiglottis

79
Q

What is cartilage?

A

GAG and collagen fibres

80
Q

Osteocytes

A

inactive osteoblasts trapped in mineralized osteoid.

81
Q

Unilocular adipose tissue

A

“white fat”, energy source for other body tissues.

82
Q

Multiocular adipose tissue

A

“brown fat”, is found in newborns and functions to produce heat through the metabolism of fat.

83
Q

What are the types of contractile cells?

A

Muscle cells, myofibroblasts, pericytes, and myoepithelial cells.

84
Q

Hypertrophy

A

When individual skeletal or cardiac muscle cells increase in size due to exercise.

85
Q

Hyperplasia

A

When smooth muscle cells respond to increased demand by hypertrophy and increase in numbers due to mitosis.

86
Q

The function of the lymph nodes

A
  1. Contain non-specific phagocytic cells which remove particulate matter such as microorganisms.
  2. Allow for interaction of lymphocytes with antigens and APCs.
87
Q

What types of cells are found in the lymph nodes?

A
  1. Lymphoid cells (lymphocytes)
  2. Immunological accessory cells (macrophages)
  3. Non-immunological active stromal cells (lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts)
88
Q

What are capsule of organs composed of?

A

Dense fibrocollagenous tissue.

89
Q

Lymph node sections, and the cells found in them?

A

The cortex: subdivided into-
- Superficial cortex (lymphoid follicles)
- Paracortex (T cells)

The medulla (plasma cell)

90
Q

Follicles of lymph nodes

A

Primary: Appear as uniform in their staining intensity

Secondary: Appear as less densely staining, and surround a germinal centre.

Both contain B cells.

91
Q

NALT

A

Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue

Found in:
- Nasopharynx

92
Q

SALT

A

Skin-associated lymphoid tissue

Found in:
- Langerhans’ cells and scattered lymphocytes in the dermis and epidermis.

93
Q

Heart valve composition

A

Composed of fibroelastic tissue, covered with a layer of endothelial cells.

94
Q

Weibel-Palade

A

Cytoplasmic organelle that is a storage site for granules of various molecules that allow for the diameter of the vessel to be altered.

95
Q

Microvasculature

A

A system of small-diameter blood vessels with thin walls that are partially permeable. This system starts at the level of arterioles and continues into the capillary network.

96
Q

Capillary types

A
  1. Continuous - Most common, endothelium is complete
    - Found in support tissue, muscle, nerve, endocrine tissue
  2. Fenestrated - Endothelial layer is pierced by pores to allow for diffusion of small molecules (basement layer intact)
    - Found in GI mucosa, endocrine glands, and renal glomeruli.
  3. Sinusoidal - Discontinuous basement membrane
    - Found in liver, spleen, and bone marrow
    - associated with phagocytic cells

HSTO 1107 (2 decks)

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