Outcome 1 Flashcards
Allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at
the same place on a chromosome.
Allogeneic
Different genetics between individuals from the same species.
denoting, relating to, or involving tissues or cells that are genetically dissimilar
and hence immunologically incompatible, although from individuals of the same species.
Chemotaxis
Movement of cells up a concentration gradient of chemotactic factors.
movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction
corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular
substance.
Amorphic gene
Amorphic describes a mutation that causes complete loss of gene function.
Amorph is sometimes used interchangeably with “genetic null”. An amorphic mutation might
cause complete loss of protein function by disrupting translation (“protein null”) and/or
preventing transcription (“RNA null”)
Antibody
a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Also
called gamma immunoglobulins.
Antigen
any foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the
production of antibodies. A molecule capable of interacting with an antibody or a T-cell
receptor
Antigen-presenting Cell (APC)
an antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is
a cell that displays antigen complexed with major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) on
their surfaces that are involved in presentation of antigen to T cells; T cells may recognize
these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). These cells are dendritic cells, B cells
and macrophages.
Chemokines
Proteins that stimulate both specific and general immune cells and help coordinate immune responses and inflammation. They are released by cells at a site of injury or infection, and call other cells to help repair the area.
any of a class of cytokines with functions that include attracting white blood cells to sites of infection.
CD (cluster determinants or cluster of differentiation)
The cluster of differentiation is a
protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing
targets for immunophenotyping of cells. A system used to name and define specific cell
molecules
Co-dominant
the expression of both the maternal and paternal copy of a gene in a
heterozygote.
Complement
A system of around 25 proteins that help antibodies destroy bacteria. Complement also helps remove antibody coated antigens from the body. The proteins also cause blood vessels to dilate- causing the inflammatory response.
The complement system is a group of proteins that are a part of
the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic
cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, &
attacks the pathogen’s plasma membrane.
Cytokines
Chemical messengers that regulate the immune response. Produced by virtually all cells of the innate immune system.
any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, & growth factors,
that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells such
as regulation of the intensity and duration of the immune response.
Disease vs Infection
Infection : often the first step, occurs when bacteria, viruses or other microbes that cause
disease enter your body and begin to multiply.
Disease : occurs when the cells in your body are damaged as a result of the infection and
signs and symptoms of an illness appear.
Dominant
An allele or a gene that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype, masking the
effect of the recessive allele or gene when present.
Effector cell
A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus.
a lymphocyte (as a T cell) that has been induced to differentiate into a form
(as a cytotoxic T cell) capable of mounting a specific immune response—called also effector
lymphocyte.
Endothelial cells
Endothelial cells line the inside of every blood vessel in the body. They
form a one-cell-thick layer called the endothelium, which is also found on the inner walls of
the heart chambers and lymphatic vessels, which carry excess blood plasma around the body.
The endothelium is very extensive.
Epitope
the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself. Also known as
antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system,
specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells
Gene
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine
some characteristic of the offspring. (“proteins coded directly by genes”)
Genotype
the genetic constitution of an individual organism
Haplotype
A haplotype is a group of genes within an organism that was inherited together
from a single parent. The word “haplotype” is derived from the word “haploid,” which
describes cells with only one set of chromosomes, and from the word “genotype,” which
refers to the genetic makeup of an organism.
Hematopoiesis
The production of all types of blood cells including formation, development,
and differentiation of blood cells. Prenatally, hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sack, then in
the liver, and lastly in the bone marrow.
Heterophile
An antibody that is circulating through the body that is reactive to an antigen from a separate species.
Pertaining to cross-reacting antigens occurring in different species or to
antibodies directed against such antigens (heterophile antibodies). For example, in rheumatic
fever, antibodies against group A streptococcal cell walls can also react with (and thus
damage) human heart tissues
Heterozygous
The genetics term heterozygous refers to a pair of genes where one is
dominant and one is recessive — they’re different.
Histocompatibility
The ability of tissues to be compatible.
the condition of having antigenic similarities such that cells or tissues
transplanted from one (the donor) to another (the recipient) are not rejected.
Homozygous
pertaining to an individual (or a condition in a cell or an organism)
containing two copies of the same allele for a particular trait located at similar positions
(loci) on paired chromosomes
Humoral
relating to the body fluids, especially with regard to immune responses involving
antibodies produced by B cells in body fluids as distinct from cell mediated immunity (which
involves T cells)
Immunity
the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of
specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.
Immunogen
substance capable of inducing an immune response; used synonymously with
the term antigen. However, not all antigens are immunogens.
Interleukins
A cytokine that is a major group of lymphokines and monokines. Causes the immune system to produce T cells.
any of various cytokines of low molecular weight that are produced by
lymphocytes, macrophages, and monocytes and that function especially in regulation of the
immune system and especially cell-mediated immunity. Abbreviated: IL
Interferons
Group of proteins having antiviral activity and capable of enhancing or modifying the immune response.
Innate
inborn; natural, Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come
into play immediately or within hours of an antigen’s appearance in the body. These
mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune
system cells that attack foreign cells in the body
Inflammation
a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened,
swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection.
Locus (loci)
the position of a gene, or other significant sequence, on a chromosome
Linked genes
when two genes are close together on the same chromosome, they do not
assort independently and are said to be linked. Whereas genes located on different
chromosomes assort independently and have a recombination frequency of 50%, linked
genes have a recombination frequency that is less than 50%
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign
molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility. Involved in antigen
presentation
Microbe vs bacteria
“Microbe” generally just means anything small - bacteria, yeasts,
fungi, even protozoa. The term “Bacteria” is one category of microbes and is often used
informally as a synonym for “prokaryote”. All bacteria are microbes but not all microbes are
bacteria
Naïve lymphocyte
A naïve T cell (Th0 cell) is a T cell that has not yet encountered their
specific antigen and therefore have never responded to it. All lymphocytes leaving the
thymus and bone marrow are naïve until they get activated by binding with their cognate
antigen.
Opsonin
Promotes adhesion of an antigen to a phagocytic cell, quickening the process of phagocytosis.
any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune
response or marking dead cells for recycling (i.e., causes the phagocyte to “relish” the
marked cell).
Opsonization
coating of a particle such as a bacterium with antibody and/or complement
that leads to enhanced phagocytosis by phagocytic cells.
Pathogen
a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease
Phagocytosis
the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes
Phenotype
The physical appearance or biochemical characteristic of an organism as a result
of the interaction of its genotype and the environment.
Polymorphic
Occurring in several forms.
in genetics, the existence of multiple alleles at a particular genetic locus,
resulting in variants of the gene and product amount different members of the same species.
Recessive
In genetics, a recessive gene or allele is one in which the effect is masked by the
effects of the dominant gene therefore not expressed.
Zymogen
A protein that is activated on proteolytic cleavage by a protease.
a protein that is activated by proteolytic cleavage by a protease; lots of zymogens
once cleaved turn into active enzymes themselves.
define immunology
Immunology is the study of molecules, cells, organs, and systems that are responsible for the recognition and disposal of nonself material.
Discuss the role of the immune system
Distinguishing from self, and nonself
Identifying antigens (and remembering new antigens for future identification.)
Evaluating what response is needed for any identified antigens
Differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity
Innate immunity is a nonspecific defense against non-self material. Born with.
Adaptive Immunity is a specific defense against nonself invaders. It takes time to be activated, and immunity is acquired by exposure.
differentiate between humoral and cell mediated immunity
Humoral = antibody-mediated immunity. Helper T cells will assist B cells to differentiate into plasma B cells that can produce antibodies against a specific antigen. Acts on extracellular microbes (bacteria).
Cell mediated = does not involve antibodies, rather it is activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Acts on tumour cells and intracellular microbes (viruses).
state the three lines of immune defense
- Unbroken skin
- Innate immune system
- Adaptive immune system
CD3
On all T cells, Markers T cell activation.
CD4
On T helper cells - Binds to MHC II
CD8
On Cytotoxic T cells - Binds I
CD34
Hematopoietic progenitor cell - cell to cell adhesion
CD45
All leukocytes - B cell and T cell signaling
CD19
Most B lymphocytes - B cell activation
CD20
B cells - Target for many immunosuppressive therapies
Differentiate between the external and internal defence systems
External = Physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from invaders. (Skin, Salvia, Tears)
Internal = Inflammatory response, phagocytosis, NK cells and the complement system.
describe the clonal selection theory as it pertains to immune responses
Naive lymphocytes are activated when a specific antigen binds to the receptor, and the cell releases antibodies or cytokines (T cell - release cytokines, B cell - secrete antibodies). Activated lymphocytes now proliferate and differentiate. Cloned cells have the same specificity for the antigen.
Polyclonal Antiserum
Multiple B cell clones will be made, each with antibodies for the various epitopes on the antigen. The combination of these various B-cells are polyclonal antiserum.
List the primary lymphatic organs of the immune system, and what cells develop/mature in these organs.
Bone Marrow and The thymus
Hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, B cells continue to mature within the bone marrow, whereas T cells move to the thymus for final maturation.
list the secondary lymphatic organs and discuss their functions
Spleen - Traps and concentrates non-self substances carried in the blood. Antibodies are created and released into circulation from the spleen.
Lymph Nodes - Interstitial spaces are drained by the lymphatic system, and deposited within a draining lymph node that contains APCs and T and B cells that can initiate an immune response if any antigens are present.
B Lymphocyte
- Part of the Lymphoid line
- Matures in the bone marrow
- Produce antibodies
T Lymphocyte
- Part of the lymphoid line
- Matures in the thymus
- Naive until activated by an antigen, then they differentiate into effector cells that are able to produce adaptive immunity responses.
- two kinds:
T helper cell: Send cytokines to cells of immunity
CTLs: Cytotoxic T cells that lyse infected or altered host cells.
Memory Cells
Effector lymphocytes that do not die once a pathogen is eliminated.
NKT Cells
Share properties with NK cells and T cells. They can recognize alerted or abnormal cells and secrete regulatory cytokines and kill the target cells by apoptosis.
Monocytes
Develop in bone tissue, then migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages.
Macrophages
phagocyte that ingests micro-organisms/antigens passing through tissues. Process and present these antigens to T cells. Secrete monokines.
Neutrophil
Produced in bone marrow, released into blood, and migrates into tissues. Phagocytic cell that is the first responder, and defends against pyogens
Eosinophils
Defend against large parasites and involved in allergies and asthma.
Basophils
Release histamine and are involved in allergic reactions.
IgE receptors
Mast cells
Found in skin, CT of organs, epithelial tissue, and the GI tract. Allergens bind to the IgE surface.
Release histamine during degranulation
Dendritic Cell
Phagocytic cells that roam the periphery looking for non-self invaders. Can activate the adaptive immune system or ingest nonself cells. Part of the innate and adaptive immune system.
NK Cells
Kills target cells directly (tumour and virus infected host cells). Looks for MHC class 1 - if not found or is found to be altered destroys the host cell through cytotoxic granules.
Adaptive Immunity Cells
T cells, B cells, NKT cells, Memory cells
Innate Immunity Cells
Monocytes, Macrophages, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast cells, Dendritic Cells, NK cells, NKT cells.
the names given to macrophages in various tissues
Liver - Kupffer cells
Lung - Alveolar cells
CNS - Microglial cells
Skin - Langerhans cells
Spleen - Splenic Macrophages
Connective Tissue - Histiocytes
Kidney - Mesangial cells
Bone - Osteoclasts
summarize the general fate of antigen based on the site of entry
Blood - Heart/blood circulation - Spleen - efferent lymphatics
Tissue - afferent lymphatics - Lymph node - Efferent lymphatics
Tonsils/Payers patches - Efferent lymphatics
Phagocytic Cells
Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and mast cells.
MHC 1
On all mammalian cells
MHC II
Only on phagocytic cells
IgG
Coats microbes speeding up their intake by other cells in the immune system
IgM
Effective at killing bacteria
IgE
Protect against parasitic infections, causes allergy symptoms.
IgD
remains attached to B cells, key role in early B cell response
IgA
Usually the first type of antibody to encounter an invading microbe. Secreted by mucosal surfaces.
Immune Tolerance
The tendency of the T or B cells to ignore the body’s own tissues
Immune Complexes
Clusters of interlocking antigens and antibodies
Graft-versus-host disease
When transplanted bone marrow’s mature T cell attack and destroy the recipient’s tissue.
Biological response modifiers
A cancer treatment where the biological response modifier where the (commonly) the patients lymphocytes are altered in a lab into tumour-hungry cells, and reintroduced into the patients body to attack tumour cells.
Therapeutic cancer vaccine
Given to patients before disease onset to protect a person from future infections.
Monoclonal Antibodies
Identical antibodies made by the clones of a single B cell. Because of their unique specificity for different molecules they are promising treatment for a range of diseases.
What cells are responsible for allergic reactions?
Mast cells (tissue)/ Basophils (blood)
Which immune cells have antigen specific receptors?
Adaptive immune cells
- B cells (BCR)
- T cells (TCR)
