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Y2 infection > outbreak - optional > Flashcards

outbreak - optional Flashcards

1
Q

what is a healthcare associated infection

A

infection you might catch when receiving healthcare in hospitals, care homes, GP surgery, health centres or receiving care at home

most common types of infections in hospitals are urine infections, post-op infections, skin infections, sickness and diarrhoea

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2
Q

hospital acquired infections

A

infection acquired after being in hospital for >48hrs

for some organisms this will vary depending on the incubation period of the organism

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3
Q

types of HAIs

A

UTI - most common of all HAIs, mainly related to catheterisation
surgical site infection
RTI - intubation accounts for ~25%
bloodstream infections - many central venous catheter related
GI infection
skin and soft tissue infections

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4
Q

define outbreak of infection

A

≥2 cases of an infection linked in place and time

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5
Q

role of IPCT and surveillance in outbreak

A

1st purpose of IPCT is to prevent individual infections and outbreaks

purpose of surveillance is to detect and identify a possible outbreak at the earliest opportunity

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6
Q

chain of infection

A 
infectious agent 
reservoir
portal of exit 
mode of transmission 
portal of entry 
susceptible host

(cycle continues)

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7
Q

4 types of infectious agents

A

bacteria
virus
fungi
prion

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8
Q

5 examples of reservoirs

A 
humans 
equipment 
environment 
food 
animals
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9
Q

3 examples of portal of exit

A

blood and body fluids
skin scales/wound
coughing and sneezing

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10
Q

3 examples of mode of transmission

A

direct or indirect
inhalation
ingestion of contaminated food

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11
Q

5 examples of portal of entry

A 
skin/surgical wounds
eyes or mouth 
resp tract 
GI tract
tubes
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12
Q

4 examples of susceptible host

A

underdeveloped immune system
decreasing immune system
drugs or diseases
tubes

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13
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of infectious agent

A

diagnosis and treatment

antimicrobial stewardship

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14
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of reservoir

A

cleaning, disinfection, sterilisation
infection prevention policies
pest control

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15
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of portal of exit

A 
hand hygiene 
PPE
control of aerosols and splatter
respiratory etiquette 
waste disposal
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16
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of mode of transmission

A 
hand hygiene 
PPE
food safety 
cleaning, disinfection, sterilisation 
isolation
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17
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of portal of entry

A 
hand hygiene 
PPE
personal hygiene 
first aid 
removal of catheters and tubes
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18
Q

ways to break the chain of infection at the point of susceptible host

A

immunisations
treatment of underlying disease
health insurance
patient education

19
Q

5 moments for hand hygiene

A 
before touching a patient 
before clean/aseptic procedure 
after body fluid exposure risk 
after touching a patient 
after touching patient surroundings
20
Q

prevalence of SSI

A

0.8% in acute adult inpatients

accounts for 15% of all HAI

21
Q

patients w/ SSI

A

49.4% F, 50.6% M
median age 63y/o
28.7% had life limiting or end of life prognosis
majority on surgical wards

22
Q

characteristics of SSI

A
  1. 7% of SSI were present on admission to hospital

52. 8% of SSI were in deep tissue or organ space

23
Q

most common causative organisms of SSI

A

S. aureus - 23.9%
E. coli - 14.1%
unspecified anaerobes - 8.5%
other - 53.5%

24
Q

antimicrobials for SSI

A

3.2% of all antimicrobials were prescribed to treat SSI
most commonly prescribed antimicrobials for SSI treatment - flucloxacillin, vancomycin
most commonly prescribed antimicrobials for SSI prevention - gentamicin, cefuroxime, co-amoxiclav

25
Q

trasmission based precautions (TBPs) for isolated patient

A

contact
gloves
apron

26
Q

contact precautions for isolated patient

A

decontaminate hands before entering room
disposable apron and gloves
keep door closed unless otherwise told to keep open
decontaminate equipment prior to leaving room, discard gloves and apron, decontaminate hands

27
Q

transmission based precautions for isolated patient - airborne precautions

A

droplet

gloves
aprons
masks
eye protection

28
Q

airborne precautions for isolated patient

A

decontaminate hands before entering room
disposable apron, FFP3 respiratory, eye/facial protection and gloves
keep door closed
decontaminate equipment prior to leaving room, discard gloves and apron and eye/facial protection, decontaminate hands
after leaving remove respirator and discard, clean hands

29
Q

what is a droplet

A

> 5µm
spread assumed to be ~1m
drop to the ground

30
Q

what’s an aerosol

A

<5µm
much more widespread
remain suspended in air

31
Q

why is the difference between droplet and aerosol important

A

airborne spread infections are more highly transmissible and therefore require different precautions
40µm is limit of visibility to human eye

32
Q

define cleaning

A

physical removal of organic material and decrease in microbial load

33
Q

define disinfection

A

large reduction in microbe numbers - spores may remain

34
Q

define sterilisation

A

removal/destruction of ALL microbes and spores

35
Q

when is cleaning along used

A

low risk - intact skin contact e.g. stethoscopes, cots, mattresses

cleaning compatible w/ manufacturer’s instructions

36
Q

when is disinfection or sterilisation as appropriate used

A

medium risk - mucous membrane contact e.g. bedpans, vaginal specula, endoscopes

37
Q

when is sterilisation used

A

high risk - surgical instruments

38
Q

cleaning process

A

manufacturer’s instructions
detergent and water
drying is an important part of the process
cleaning essential prior to disinfection and sterilisation if these are required

39
Q

2 methods of disinfection

A

heat

chemical

40
Q

disinfection by heat

A

pasteurisation - bedpans, linen, dishwashers

boiling - vaginal specula, ear syringes

41
Q

chemical disinfection

A

chemicals vary in their organism activity range
needs to be equipment compatible
e.g. alcohol, chlorhexidine, hypochlorites, hydrogen peroxide

42
Q

4 methods of sterilisation

A

steam under pressure - autoclave
hot air oven
gas - ethylene dioxide
ionising radiation

43
Q

surveillance

A

local - lab based, ward/clinic area based
national surveillance

all healthcare workers

Y2 infection (15 decks)

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