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Palaeobiology > OUT OF AFRICA II (Origins of modern humans) > Flashcards

OUT OF AFRICA II (Origins of modern humans) Flashcards

1
Q

What happened When Homo ergaster left Africa?

A
  • Some went to europe
  • Some went to Asia/java etc
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2
Q

H. ergaster/erectus spreading across eurasia

A

H. ergaster/erectus spreads across Eurasia and begins to diverge in the different environments/habitats (cf. intraspecific versus interspecific variation)

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3
Q

Key questions in the migration of H. ergaster/erectus

A
  • How many waves of migration were there?
  • Was there two-way gene flow between Africa and Eurasia? Yes possibly some evidence for this.
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4
Q

When did Homo heildelbergensis first appear?

A

600,000 years ago
Found in Africa and Eurasia

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5
Q

When did H. neanderthalensis first appear?

A
  • 400,000 years ago
  • Europe/ Western Asia
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6
Q

When did H. sapiens first appear?

A
  • 200,00 years ago
  • In Africa
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7
Q

What did H. heidelbergensis give rise to?

A
  • neanderthalensis in Europe/ Western Asia
  • sapiens in Africa
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8
Q

Where did neaderthals live?

A
  • Europe /western Asia
  • Lived in caves
  • Adapted to cold climates
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9
Q

Body structure of neanderthals?

A
  • Rubustly built
  • Adapted for routine heavy work as hunter gatherers
  • Protruding long face with long nasal passages
  • Large brain
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10
Q

Could neaderthals speak?

A
  • Evidence for limited speech
  • Hyoid bone - shape more like modern human
  • Larynx structure
  • Large hypoglossal canal - massive nerve transport
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11
Q

Evidence that neaderthals were self aware?

A
  • Practiced ritual burials
  • Produced stone tools ans worked wood
  • Adorned bodies with jewellery
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What was the range of neanderthals?

A

Across Europe and western Asia

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14
Q

What does the multiregional model suggest?

A
  • African & Eurasian H.ergaster/erectus evolved into various species of Homo in different parts of the world
  • Differences we see today are as result of this and millions of years old
  • NOT THE ACCEPTED THEORY
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15
Q

What is the Out of Africa II Model ?

A
  • H. ergaster/erectus evolves into H. heidelbergensis in Africa & Europe (600,000 years ago)
  • H.heidelbergensis gives rise to H. neanderthalensis in europe (400,000 yr)
  • H. heidelbergensis gives rise to H.sapiens in Africa (200,000 yr)
  • By around 100,000 yrs ago H. sapiens migrates out of Africa
  • H. sapiens outcompetes archaic hominins (erectus, heidelbergensis and neaderthalensis)
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16
Q

Which is the most accepted theory for sapien evolution?

A

Out of Africa model II

17
Q

What happened to neaderthalensis?

A
  • Neanderthals died off in and east-west progression between 40,000 to 27,000 years ago. The occurrence of AMHs follows the same trajectory.
  • Competitive replacement or genocide?
  • No other Homo could survive with sapiens
18
Q

Denisovan man ?

A
  • New species
  • Based on 41,000 year old teeth and finger bone from a cave in Siberia.
  • Recovered DNA shows it is different from both H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
  • Newly discovered jaw bone from Tibet.
19
Q

What did sapiens mix with?

A
  • Denisovan man shares some DNA with extant H. sapiens populations that migrated east
  • Neanderthals share DNA with extant H. sapiens populations that migrated west
  • Interbreeding between neanderthals, sapiens and denisovan man
  • Sapiens interbred with neanderthal in the west
  • Sapiens interbred with denisovan in east
20
Q

“Hobbit” people of indonesia (Homo floresiensis)

A
  • Dwarfed hominin - evolving from H. erectus by insular dwarfing.
  • H. erectus lived in Indonesia from 1 Ma but H. sapiens only arrived 12,000 years ago.
  • Discovered in 2004 from a cave on the island of Flores, Indonesia.
  • Dwarfed hominin from 95,000-17,000 years ago. 1 metre tall, weighing 30 kilograms with a brain only 417 cm3.
  • Used primitive tools and fire and hunted dwarfed elephants and giant lizards (Komodo dragons)—but no art.
21
Q

What is the Mitochondrial Eve hypothesis ?

A
  • mDNA variation is lower than expected in modern humans
  • Greatest in Africans
  • Molecular clock work
22
Q

How does molecular biology give evidence for the out of Africa II model?

A
  • Mitochrondrial Eve hypothesis
  • Evidence from nuclear genes and the Y chromosome
  • Archeological and palaeological remains - DNA
  • Neaderthal ans Denisovan DNA shows inbreeding
  • All shows that Africa was a sister group to the rest of the world

Palaeobiology (12 decks)

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