Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems 2 - Head and Neck > Otology > Flashcards

Otology Flashcards

1
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

Any perceived sound that does not have an external stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the pathology of tinnitus?

A

No directly treatable pathology in the majority of cases but hearing loss and stress are important contributing factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for vertigo?

A

Benign postural vertigo
Menieres Disease
Migraine
Vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is benign postural vertigo?

A

Dislodged otoconia in semicircular canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the key features of benign postural vertigo?

A

Vertigo (dizziness) precipitated by certain head movements lasting a few seconds

No associated symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the test for benign postural vertigo?

A

Dix-Hallpike test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the treatment for BPV?

A

Epley manoeuvre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Menieres disease?

A

Endolymphatic hydros (overproduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the clinical features of Menieres Disease?

A

Spontaneous vertigo
Unilateral hearing loss
Fluctuating, progressive hearing loss

Duration: 30 mins- 4 hours
Frequency: every few days/weeks/ months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the treatment for Meniere’s Disease?

A

Symptomatic: vestibular sedative (prochlorperazine)
Long term: Betahistine
Intratympanic dexamethasone/gentamicin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the pathology of vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis ?

A

Inflammation of vestibular nerve

Can be due to reactivation of latent HSV infection of vestibular ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the clinical features of labyrinthitis?

A

Vertigo
Sensorineural hearing loss, sometimes discharge

Duration: up to 3 days
Frequency: a few episodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the treatments for labyrinthitis?

A

Acute - vestibular sedatives

Chronic - vestibular rehabilitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What investigations are available to test auditory range and tympanic membrane?

A

Pure tone audiogram (tests hearing threshold)
Tymapnogram (tests middle ear function)

  • Type A - normal
  • Type B - immobile tympanic membrane (suggests middle ear condition)
  • Type C - suggests Eustachian tube dysfunction (middle ear low pressure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What disorders may occur in the outer ear?

A

Auricular haematoma
Foreign body
Otitis externa
Malignant Otitis externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can otitis externa be a sign of?

A

Internal auricular malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What disorders may occur in the middle ear?

A

Acute otitis media
Otitis media with effusion (glue ear)
Chronic supperative otitis media
Cholesteatoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can cause chronic supperative otitis media?

A
  1. Cholesteatoma

2. Perforated tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What complications may arise from chronic supperative otitis media?

A

Tympanosclerosis

Otosclerois

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Accumulation of keratinising epithelium (skin debris) in middle ear

Commonly in attic of ear

21
Q

What are the symptoms of cholesteatoma?

A

Chronic, foul smelling discharge

Conductive hearing loss

22
Q

What are the complications of cholesteatoma?

A

The cholesteatoma can grow and erode bone ossicles -> conductive deafness

Can compress facial nerve -> facial palsy

Vertigo

Cerebral abscess (erodes through bone superiority)

Mastoiditis (erodes posteriorly)

23
Q

What is the infective organism associated with cholesteatoma?

A

Pseudomonas

24
Q

What is the management of cholesteatoma?

A

Surgical removal

25
Q

What is mastoiditis?

What symptoms does it cause?

A

Infection in the mastoid cavity
Air cells fill with pus

Causes tenderness, swelling and redness of mastoid process
Pinna is pushed forward

26
Q

What disorders may occur in the inner ear?

A 
Prebyacusis (age related hearing loss)
Noise induced hearing loss 
Ototoxic medication 
Infection 
Acoustic Schwannoma
28
Q

What is facial palsy?

How do you differentiate between UMN + LMN palsy?

A

Facial palsy = paralysis of facial muscles

UMN palsy = can still move forehead muscles (which receive innervation from contralateral motor cortex)
Remember upper spares upper

LMN = total facial weakness

28
Q

What causes of facial palsy are there?

A

Intratemporal - cholesteatoma

Extratemporal - parotid gland tumour

Bell’s palsy - viral infection affecting VII nerve

29
Q

What is an auricular haematoma?

A

Haematoma of the pinna due to trauma to external ear

Common in sports injuries

30
Q

How is auricular haematoma managed?

What complications are there?

A

Aspiration, incision + packing

Cauliflower ear = occurs when delayed drainage of haematoma leads to necrosis + fibrosis of cartilage

31
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Inflammation of EAM

leads to narrowing +/- obstruction of external auditory meatus

32
Q

What is the management of otitis externa?

A

Ear swab for microbiology
Remove debris from EAM (microsuction)
Abx/ steroid ear drops

As inflammation settles, examine tympanic membrane to exclude middle ear infection
Patients advised not to use cotton buds or allow water in ears

33
Q

What is malignant otitis externa?

A

Infection of base of skull

It is aggressive and spreads to bone causing osteomyelitis of skull

34
Q

What Is the causative organism of malignant otitis externa

A

Pseudomonas

35
Q

How is malignant otitis externa treated?

A

IV antibiotics
+/- surgical debridement

fatal if not treated

36
Q

How can ear wax build up be managed?

A

Ear wax commonly blocks EAM

Wax softening agent: sodium bicarbonate drops
Aural toilet
Microsuction of wax

37
Q

What is Acute otitis media?

A

Acute infection of middle ear
Associated with URTI which spreads via Eustachian tube
Common in children

38
Q

What are the causative organisms of otitis media?

A

Haemophilus influenzae, strep pneumoniae

39
Q

What are the symptoms of acute otitis media?

A

Otalgia, otorrhea, hearing loss, pyrexia

Pyrexia, irritability, anorexia in young children

40
Q

What is the management of acute otitis media?

What complications are there?

A

Mx= antibiotics, analgesia

Cx= perforation, necrosis of ossicles, tympanosclerosis

41
Q

Symptoms of glue ear?

Complications?

Management?

A

Sterile, thick effusion

Cx= hearing loss of 20-30dB (affects child’s learning + behaviour long term)

Mx: grommet if recurrent/ chronic > 3 months

42
Q

What is chronic supportive otitis media?

symptoms + management?

A

Repeated/ prolonged bouts of acute otitis media
Sx: otorrhea, hearing loss
Mx: aural toilet (micro suction), antibiotic/ steroid ear drops

43
Q

What are the causes of referred otalgia?

A

Infections: paranasal sinus infection, tooth infection, tonsillitis, epiglottitis,

Other:
parotid gland calculi, malignancy, trigeminal neuralgia

44
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Disease of bony labyrinth: hard bone is replaced by spongy bone (overgrowth of abnormal bone)

Overgrowth of stapes (sound fails to reach cochlea) -> conductive hearing loss

45
Q

Give examples of causes of conductive hearing loss

A 
Wax
Foreign body
Perforation/ trauma
Otosclerosis
Otitis media
46
Q

Give examples of causes of sensorineural hearing loss

A 
Advancing age 
Meniere's disease
Acoustic trauma
Drugs (gentamicin, furosemide)
Acoustic neuroma
MS
47
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Degenerative disorder of bilateral hearing loss in old age (typically high frequencies)

Mx: hearing aid to amplify sound

48
Q

What is acoustic trauma?

A

Exposure of inner ear to repeated loud noises / sudden very loud noise
Sensorineural deafness due to cochlear damage

49
Q

What is an Acoustic neuroma?

A

Schwannomas/ meningioma of vestibular division of VIII nerve

Compression of nerve by tumour causes unilateral symptoms

Systems 2 - Head and Neck (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions