Otolaryngology Flashcards
Where does oropharyngeal region comprise of
posterior 1/3 tongue, soft palate, uvula, posterior pharyngeal wall
MC site of head & neck cancer
tongue 50%
What are the RF of HPV+ve oropharyngeal cancer
non smoker
55-65 yo
multiple sex partners
history of oral sex
SCC by smoking, MOA
p16, tp53 downregulated
SCC by HPV
HPV E6 & 7 protein inactivates tp53 & pRb pathway
Choice of tx for oropharyngeal cancer
RT/CT (very effective)
MC site of laryngeal cancer
Glottis 60%
supraglottis 35%
subglottis 5%
Aetiology of nasopharyngeal ca
EBV infection
tx of ossicular discontinuity
ossiculoplasty
tx of otosclerosis
stapedectomy
How long should one have grommet
6-18/12
if patient says he can hear his heartbeat, what should you worry about?
benign neuroendocrine tumour
what are the four clinical assessment to determine cause of vertigo
headshake
halmagyi head thrust
hallpike
hyperventilation
what does hallpike determines
Benign position vertigo (rotating in bed)
What does headshake tells us
Meniere’s (too much production, or little drainage)
What is benign position vertigo and what is the tx?
Vertigo in specific position
tx: Epley manoeuvre
What is the triad S&S of meniere’s
tinnitus. vertigo (rotary/sway), hearing loss
what is the anterior and posterior artery for epistaxis
Kiesselbach’s 90%
sphenopalatine artery
What is steeple sign indicative of
croup
What is thumbprint sign indicative of
Epiglottitis
Lat mass in child is suggestive of?
lymphoma such as cystic hygroma, haemangioma
what’s the lvl that cause stridor and stertor and wheezing
stridor = laryngeal stertor = above larynx wheezing = below larynx
what supplies the tonsil
ECA & CNXI
what are midline neck mass
thyroid
thyroglossal
dermoid cyst
what is lugwig angina
rapid bilat swelling of suprahyoid space, precipitated by dental procedures (2nd, 3rd molar)
Aetiology of angiodema
IgE mediated = vasodilation, vascular permeability (insect bites)
not IgE e.g. ACE inhibitors
Comoplications of acute sinusitis
- orbital cellulitis
- cavernous sinus thrombosis
- intracranial complications
