Ophthalmology Flashcards
MC site of mouth cancer
Tongue 50%
Floor 2nd
Central Scotoma is sign of what ocular disease
AMD
Optic neuritis
toxic/nutritional (alcohol, smoking, drug isoniazid, ethambutol)
(b12, thiamine, folic)
Bitemporal hemianopia is caused by what
Pituitary adenoma
RA can cause what kind of -itis
scleritis, uveitis, episcleritis
Topical steroids SE
raised IOP, cataract, increased risk of herpes simplex keratitis
what meds cause dilation of pupils
Phenylephrine (alpha-agonist)
anti-muscarinic
tropocamide (few hr)
cyclopentolate (1 wk)
atropine (10 days)
What meds cause constriction of pupils
pilocarpine (muscarinic agonist)
Tx for glaucoma
Prostaglandin alpha agonist beta blocker acetazolamide (decrease aqueous production, increase outflow)
S&S of Holmes-Adie syndrome
dilated pupil that will not constrict w light
What drugs have ocular complication?
ethambutol
hydroxychloroquine
tamoxifen
amiodarone
A dilated pupil is seen in the use of what meds
Atropine
phenylephrine
tropocamide
cyclopentolate
what can cause 3rd nerve palsy
aneurysm of pos comm a
GCA
diabetes
vascular
signs of 3rd nerve palsy
mydriasis
rapd
eye deviate outwards and downwards
ptosis
Luekocoria may be caused by?
retinoblastoma
congenital cataracts
Commonest intraocular tumour in adults
malignant melanoma
Commonest eyelid neoplasm
BCC
What is entropian, ectropian,
entropian = inside (en=in) ectropian = turned out
result of SBS
shearing of bridging veins between dura and subrachnoid
Allergic conjunctivitis and vernal conjunctivitis is mediated by what Ig?
IgE
Common features of RD
floaters, photopsia, RAPD, acuity affected
Tx for RD
vitrectomy, sclera buckle, membranectomy, pneumatic retinoplexy
Tx of vitreous haemorrhage
Leave it, will resolve in 2months, else do laser
how long till CRAO is irreversible
90 min
what are the meds for bacterial conjunctivitis
chloramphenicol
fluoroquinolone
cephalosporin
vancomycin
what is the Hutchinson sign
bullous on skin of tip of nose
- should worry about herpes zoster ophthalmicus
- nasociliary n of mandibular n of trigeminal n
what does the uvea entail
iris, ciliary body, choroid & retina (all the pigmented stuff) - break it into anterior and posterior uvea
S&S of anterior uveitis
ciliary flush
pain
redness
synechia
aetiology of uveitis
HLA-B27 behcet disease - blood vessel inflammation IBD sarcoidosis TB toxoplasmosis
S&S of acute angle closed glaucoma
coloured halo pain worsen at night, wake up to vomit rock hard eyes blur vision frontal headache fixed mid dilated pupil
Tx of AACG
beta,alpha
acetazolamide
laser iridotomy
Aetiology of scleritis
mostly associated with system disease e.g. RA, SLE, herpes zoster ophthalmicus
management of AMD
antioxidants
anti-VEGF (Avastin)
Micro-incision Hubble implant/miniature telescope
difference btwn wet and dry AMD
acute VS chronic
LC vs MC
neovascularization VS none (Btwn RPE and Bruch’s membrane)
RF of AMD
smoking, alcohol, Caucasian, age, obesity
What is the schirmer’s test
confirm Sjogren’s (<5mm in 5 min = +ve)
what -itis can RA cause
scleritis, episcleritis, uveitis
what -it is can ankylosing spondylitis cause
iritis
S&S of GCA
jaw claudication
temporal headache
scalp tenderness
Acute LOV
what are the 4 visual type in Migraine
hemianopia
zig zag
bright/dark spots
scintillating scotomas
Choroidal met, which sites
Lungs (focal, single met) breast (multifocal, bilat) bowel kidney thyroid skin
S&S of neurofibromatosis
Lisch nodules
Café Au Lait
Freckling in axillary/groin
Tx of choroidal met/melanoma
proton beam < plaque radiotherapy < enucleation
What is linked to presbyopia
presbyopia = loss of accommodative power w age
CN III & II (conversion, miosis, constricting of ciliary muscle)
LASIK vs LASEK/PRK
visual recovery faster
less discomfort post op
but risk of flap problem (hole, dislodge)
no for thin cornea or contact sports
What is strabismus and what is diplopia
strabismus is misalignment
while diplopia is double image
What age group is MC for SBS
5-10mths
Classic triad of SBS
- intracranial haemorrhage
- brain oedema (diffuse axonal damage)
- retinal haemorrhage + retinoschisis
Px of SBS
Poor 2/3, good 1/3
20% die out right
else have long term sequelae
Where are BCC of eye MC located
lower lid
what is chalazion
blockage of meibomian gland, resulting in a cyst
What is Marcus Gunn
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve is misdirected to levator muscle (normally CN3), winking when chewing etc.
Aetiology of orbital cellulitis
often spread from sinuses (acute sinusitis)
patho of NAION
occlusion of short ciliary artery - infarction of optic nerve head
CNIV & CNVI brain location
mid brain VS pons
type of cataracts
nuclear sclerosis
cortical (peripheral)
posterior subcapsular (steroids, central)
congenital cataracts are caused by?
intrauterine infx (rubella, CMV, herpes)
FH - down’s
what are SE of steroid use
glaucoma, cataracts
