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NPTE > Other systems > Flashcards

Other systems Flashcards

1
Q

Dependent Rubor

A

a condition of redness that appears when the extremity is placed in a dependent position and resolves with elevation
- most observed with PAD

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2
Q

Initial Contact

A
  • AKA Heel Strike
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3
Q

Loading Response

A

Foot Flat

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4
Q

Terminal stance

A

Heel off

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5
Q

Pre Swing

A

toe off

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6
Q

Initial Swing

A

Acceleration

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7
Q

Terminal Swing

A

Deceleration

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8
Q

What phases of the gait cycle are double limb support?

A

Initial Contact and Pre Swing

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9
Q

What percentage of the gait cycle is stance and what percentage of the gait cycle is swing?

A

60% stance
40% swing

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10
Q

What do the anterior muscles do in gait and who are they?

A

The anterior muscles propel us forward
- hip flexors
- knee extensors
- dorsiflexors
- abs

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11
Q

What do the posterior muscles do in gait and who are they?

A

The posterior muscles push us to leave the ground
- hip extensors
- hamstrings/knee flexors
- plantar flexors
- erector spinae

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12
Q

How much range of motion does the HIP need for each phase of gait?

A

Stance Phase: 0-30 knee flexion, 10-20 extension
Swing phase: 20-230 flexion

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13
Q

How much ROM does the KNEE need for each phase of gait?

A

Stance phase: 0-40 degrees of Flexion
Swing phase: up to 60 degrees of flexion

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14
Q

How much ROM does the ANKLE need for each phase of gait?

A

Stance Phase (0-10 DF) (0-20 PF)
Swing Phase (0-10 PF_

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15
Q

Signs and Sx of Metabolic Syndrome

A

Waist Size > 40 inches male and >35 inches female
Triglycerides > 150 mg/dl
Elevated BP (130/85 or more)
Fasting Blood Sugar > 100
HDL Cholesterol <50 (female), <40 (men)

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16
Q

HBA1C Levels

A

Pre-Diabetes 5.7-6.4
Diabetes > 6.5-7

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17
Q

Horners Syndrome

A

drooping of eyelid, lack of sweating, pupil constriction

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18
Q

Symptoms of a Pancoast Tumor

A

compression of paravertebral sympathetic nerves
hoarseness, atrophy, and weakness of muscles and hand

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19
Q

Kehr’s Sign

A

(+) Kehr Sign
pain in the left shoulder with pressure placed on the upper abdomen
- can be caused by perforation of viscus (stomach ulcer), laparoscopy, rupture of the spleen

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20
Q

Where will pancreatic pain refer to?

A

the right shoulder

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21
Q

What is a long-term complication of Type 1 DM?

A

Cardiac denervation syndrome which results in a fixed HR that is unresponsive to exercise, stress or sleep

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22
Q

Sx of Hypoglycemia

A

shakiness
weakness
abnormal swearing
nervousness
anxiety
tingling of moth and fingeres

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23
Q

Wagner Ulcer Classification System

A

Used for diabetic foot when neuropathy and ischemia are present
Grade 1: superficial ulcer
Grade 2: ulcer extension, involves lig, tendon, joint capsule, or fascia. no abscess or osteomylitis
Grade 3: abscess or osteomyelitis
Gangrene!

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24
Q

Typical IBS Pattern

A

LEFT lower quadrant pain
pain that disappears at night/with rest
abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea
relief with defecation

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25
Q

Sx of Hyponatremia

A

low sodium levels
nausea
headache
confusion
fatigue

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26
Q

Sx of Hypokalemia

A

low potassium levels in blood
feeling tired
leg cramps
constipation
abnormal heart rhythm

27
Q

Rhabdomyolysis Presentation

A

potentially fatal condition
muscle disintegration
increased creatine kinase
(>145 female, > 170 male)
tea/dark urine color
liver failure
aches cramps and soreness of muscles

28
Q

Side Effects of Chemotherapy

A

fatigue
anorexia
nausea
diarrhea
ulcers
hemorrhage
bone marrow suppression
anemia
leukemia
thrombocytopenia
fatigue
skin rashes
neuropathies
phlebitis
hair loss

29
Q

What is Murphy’s Sign?

A

Murphy’s sign is a test for cholecystitis
It assesses the right upper quadrant by placing the patient in a supine position and placing your hands on the right upper quadrant at the inferior costal margin. The patient breathes in and the examiner palpates deeply in the subcostal region with the fingertips. Test = (+) if pt stops inspiring bc of pain or has pain

30
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

The blockage or impaction of gallstones in the cystic duct which leads to infection or inflammation of the gallbladder. Pt may feel steady severe pain that rapidly increases in intensity lasting several minutes to hours. May also experience nausea, vomiting, and fever

31
Q

TMN

A

Tumor node metastasis
- classifies cancer into stages the most common system for the body except the brain is TNM
T refers to main tumor and describes size
N refers to the lymph nodes and whether the cancer has spread there
M indicates whether there is a distant metastasis fo the cancer

32
Q

Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors/Criteria

A

Metabolic Syndrome is strongly associated with type 2 DM, CV, and stroke
diagnosis made if 3 or more are present
WEIGHHT
WE: waist expansion, circumference >40 in men, >35 in women
IG: impaired glucose, >100 (fasting glucose)
H: Hypertension >/= 130 SBP >/= 85 DBP
H: HDL (good cholesterol) <40 M, < 50 women
T: triglyceride >150 mg/dL

33
Q

Which hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?

A

ACTH
TSH
FSH AND LH
GH
PROLACTIN

34
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

ADH/VASOPRESSIN
OXYTOCIN

35
Q

What does the parathyroid gland stimulate?

A

calcium and phosphate metabolism
(direct relationship with calcium, inverse relationship with phosphate)

36
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Hypofunction of the adrenal gland
cortisol and aldosterone are decreased

Signs and Sx include
- LOW BP
- dehydration
- inflammation
- Hyperkalemia (aldosterone Kicks it out)
- low glucose
- bronze skin
- weight loss and anorexia
- intolerance to cold or stress (STRESS IS HIGH)
- generalized weakness

37
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A
  • cushing’s disease is a hyperfunction of the adrenal gland so there is hella cortisol and aldosterone
    SX INCLUDE
  • hypokalemia
  • increased glucose
  • ruddy appearance
  • larger tummy (centripetal obesity) moon face
  • proximal muscle weakness
  • prone to infection, osteoporosis, humps in the back, poor wound healing
38
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

a problem in the adrenal cortex whereas disease is a problem in the pituitary gland
So if there is too much ACTH this is from the anterior pituitary and its cushing’s disease not syndrome

39
Q

Sx of Hyperthyroidism

A

TOO MUCH OF EVERYTHING GOING ON
- weight loss due to inc. metabolism
- heat intolerance
- sweaty
- diarrhea
- increased glucose absorption (low blood sugar)
- hyperreflexia
- fatigue bc their body is going too crazy
- insomnia and restlessness –> can’t slow down
- increased heart rate and lower diastolic blood pressure but higher systolic
Grave’s Disease
Expopthalmos: their eyeballs be bulging

40
Q

Sx of Hypothyroidism

A

Not enough the metabolism is too slow
- weight gain
- higher blood sugar
- cold intolerance
- sleepy, tired, muscle weakness
- constipation
- DRY AS HELL nails are breaking
- decreased sweating
- delayed reflexes
- Hashimoto’s
Myxedema: uncontrolled hypothyroidism leads to puffiness and swelling of hands and feet

41
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Elevated calcium and decreased serum phosphate –> increased calcium in the blood
Sx
BONES: osteopenia, fx, arthralgia
STONES: kidney stones
GROANS: tummy pain, peptic ulcers, nausea/vomiting
MOANS: fatigue, don’t want to get up, depression, confusion
SENSORY: stocking/glove sensory deficits

42
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Low calcium and high serum phosphate
CATS Are NUMB
C- convulsions
A- arrhythmias
T- tetany
S- spasms
- muscle weakness, paresthesia of mouth, fingertips

43
Q

Dx of DM

A

Fasting Glucse > 126 mg/dL
Random Blood Glucsoe > 200 mg/dL
HbA1C: >8%

44
Q

HbA1C

A

average of blood glucose over last 3 months
4-6% normal
Between 6-10 DM
>10% immediate insulin therapy

45
Q

Signs of Hypoglycemia

A

<70 glucose
Sweating
pallor
shakiness
poor coordination/unsteady gait
tachycardia, palpitations
excessive hunger
Later you’ll see slurred speech, confusion, even coma

“cold and clammy give me a candy”

46
Q

Signs of Hyperglycemia

A

Hot and dry is a sugar high
- weakness
- dry mouth
-PPP: polydispia, polyuria, polyphagia
- signs of diabetic ketoacidosis
- excessive thirst
- late signs can also include coma
- >300 glucose

47
Q

Exercise Precautions for patients with DM

A

avoid exercise during peak insulin hours (2-4)
apply insulin in abdomen or non-active extremity
reduce insulin dosage post exercise
no extreme temperatures

48
Q

Safe blood glucose to exercise

A

101-250

49
Q

Can you exercise a patients with DM whose blood sugar is 70-100?

A

only if you give them a carbohydrate snack first and then check their BG, if higher proceed

50
Q

When to not exercise a patient with DM

A

BG <70 or greater than 300

51
Q

FITT Principle for DM

A

Frequency: 3-7 days per week
Intensity: 11-13 RPE can build to 17
Time: 150 mins per week can progress to 300
Type: moderate intensity aerobic with larger muscle groups

52
Q

Functional incontinence

A

due to mobility, dexterity, or cog deficits
treat with clearing clutter, improve accessibility, prompted voiding

53
Q

Treatment of Stress Incontinence

A

strengthen levator ani muscles

54
Q

Overflow Incontinence Treatment

A

behavioral modification like double voiding, medication, catheterization

key word: dribbling, underactive detrusor

55
Q

Hyponatremia Sx

A

headache
cramps
lethargic
confusion

56
Q

Hypernatremia Sx

A

Thirst (polydipsia)
irritable
vascular collapse
ataxia
seizures

57
Q

Hypokalemia Sx

A

EKG Changes
Dec. cardiac muscle contractility
LEG cramps
weakness
dizziness
hypotension

58
Q

Hyperkalemia Sx

A

EKG changes
muscle weakness
paresthesias
nausea

59
Q

Hypocalcemia Sx

A

tetany
osteopenia
anxiety/confusion
cardiac arrhythmias
numbness
fatigue

60
Q

Hypercalcemia Sx

A

cardiac arrythmias
stupor/coma
weakness
decreased deep tendon reflexes
lethargy

61
Q

INR

A

1.0 Normal
Therapeutic Range 2.0-3.0
>4 NO

62
Q

Absolute Contraindications for Exercise in Pregnancy

A

Type 1 DM
Preeclampsia
Restrictive Lung Disease
severe anemia

63
Q

Appendicitis Tests

A

Rebound tenderness (Blumberg’s Sign)
McBurney’s Point
Rovsing’s Sign
Psoas Sign
Obturator Sign
Markle’s Sign
Pinch an inch on the RIGHT

  • pinch an inch on the left = diverticulitis

NPTE (7 decks)

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