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other stupid shit Flashcards

1
Q

What are the threats to vertebrate biodiversity

A

climate change, habitat loss, overexploitation, and exotic species

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2
Q

what is the single largest threat to biodiversity?

A

habitat loss

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3
Q

what are some types of habitat loss?

A

habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, habitat degradation/pollution

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4
Q

what are the effects of climate change on biodiversity?

A

more frequent and intense fires and tropical storms, lakes will become saline, less water/more droughts, coral reefs will be endangered, species distribution will change, extinction of species, and increased rate of exotic introductions

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5
Q

What are the effects of habitat fragmentation?

A

increase in edge and decreases in core habitat, increase in habitat islands, less habitat diversity, smaller populations, more isolated populations, gene flow interruption, increased crowding and disease, disruption of migration and dispersal, changes in predator-prey interactions, microclimate changes, promotion of exotic species

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6
Q

what are some of the symptoms of “edge effect”?

A

increased light, temperature, wind, humidity, fire, disturbance-adapted organisms, disease

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7
Q

ecological effects of roads?

A

major cause of habitat fragmentation, mortality from road construction and collision with cars, increased use of habitats by humans, alteration of physical and chemical environments, spread of exotic species, and modification of animal behavior

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8
Q

what are two examples of habitat degradation/pollution?

A

biomagnification and eutrophication

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9
Q

how does the over-exploitation resource chain flow?

A

new resource identified, commercial market, local people extract resource, resource become rare or extinct, and back to start`

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10
Q

what percentage of exotic species become invasive?

A

only 1%

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11
Q

What are the two goals of conservation biology?

A

investigate the impact of human activities on all level of biodiversity, and develop practical approaches to prevent extinction

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12
Q

what are the conservation area design eco-centric considerations?

A

minimum critical area, habitat diversity, biodiversity hot spots, maximum core/minimum edge, spacing/connectivity/corridors, buffers, and habitat health

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13
Q

What are some anthropocentric considerations for conservation area design?

A

politics, economics, legal issues, stakeholder interests

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14
Q

what are the 4 areas of restoration ecology that must be considered?

A

physical, hydro-logical, chemical, and biological

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15
Q

What is most of restoration ecology considered?

A

experimental adaptive managment

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16
Q

what are the limits to restoration ecology?

A

money, time, knowledge, values, nature

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17
Q

what is wildlife management?

A

the process of keeping certain wildlife populations at desirable levels determined by wildlife managers

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18
Q

What is MVP?

A

Minimum viable population. the smallest number of individuals at which a population can sustain itself and avoid the extinction vortex. based on effective population size - the number of reproducing individuals

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19
Q

what is optimum sustainable population?

A

the maximum population that can be sustained indefinitely without detrimental effects on the population or its ecosystem (carry capacity)

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20
Q

what is MSY?

A

Maximum sustainable yield. the population size providing the optimum reproduction rate for commercially exploited species. theoretically at the inflection point but in practice very hard to pinpoint

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21
Q

what are the two wildlife management value systems?

A

Anthropocentric approach and ecocentric approach

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22
Q

what is the anthropocentric approach feature in wildlife management?

A

focused on single games species management for hunting through the control of pest species. has socio-economic values

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23
Q

what is the ecocentric approach feature in wildlife management?

A

includes broader aspects of conservation biology, biodiversity and ecosystem maintenance. has ecological values

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24
Q

What are the two degrees of interference in wildlife management?

A

Manipulative management - high degree of interference; goal oriented, and custodial management - low degree of interference; protective

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25
Q

what are the two knowledge bases in wildlife management?

A

traditional management based on experience and wisdom; conservation, and experimental management based on hypothesis testing

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26
Q

what are the two types of degree of contact in wildlife management?

A

Direct - interacting directly with wildlife (touching or within view), and indirect - influencing the animals environmental conditions

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27
Q

direct or indirect degree of contact? regulated hunting, removal of undesirable species, water sources, visual barriers, salt licks, artificial nests, education

A

direct, direct, indirect, direct, indirect, indirect, indirect

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28
Q

What is animal welfare?

A

The physical and physchological state of non-human animals

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29
Q

What are some practical terms for animal welfare?

A 
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from distress
Freedom from pain, injury and disease
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom to express behaviors that promote well being
30
Q

Why protect individual animals? (2)

A

Intrinsic value

Compassion/moral obligation

31
Q

Direct human benefits to protecting individual animals (3)

A

Greater productivity in food/draft animals
Pleasure from having healthy/long lived pets
Avoid being witness to suffering

32
Q

Indirect human benefits to protecting individual animals (2)

A

Prevent “violence connection”

Avoid slippery slope of marginalization

33
Q

Threats to animal welfare (6)

A

Industrial agriculture, animal experiments, hunting/trapping, trade in pets/animal products, breeding mills, entertainment (circus, exhibits, etc)

34
Q

What are the main 3 industrial agriculture animal welfare issues?

A

Extreme space restrictions (gestation stalls, veal crates, battery cages)
Dehorning, castration, beak-trimming and tail-docking without pain management
Inhumane transport and slaughter conditions

35
Q

Animal experiments are conducted for

A

Basic research, commercial product testing, teaching, production of biological products and medical research

36
Q

What are the 3 main animal welfare issues within animal experiments

A

Stress, constraint, pain, mutilation and “end point”
Unnecessary experiments
Insufficient welfare regulations

37
Q

What are the 2 main animal welfare issues within hunting and trapping

A

Trapping methods

Hunting inhumanely

38
Q

What is animal welfare science?

A

The scientific study of the welfare of animals as pets, in zoos, laboratories, on farms and in the wild

39
Q

What are the alternatives to animal testing? (3)

A

Reduce, refine, replace (CCAC)
US and EU institutions for the Validation of Alternative Methods (VAM)
Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT)

40
Q

What is a law?

A

A law is an “act” or “statue” that is enacted by the governments legislative branch

41
Q

Orders, rules and regulations are…

A

…subordinate legeslation

42
Q

Laws, statues, orders, rules and regulations are…

Guidelines, standards, policies and codes of practice are…

A

… legally binding and enforceable

…NOT legally binding

43
Q

What is under the federal jurisdiction? (6)

A

Criminal Code (animals as property)
Migratory birds
Marine mammals
Control of international trade in endangered species
“Nationally significant” habitat
Marine/tidal fisheries (including salmon)

44
Q

What is under the provincial jurisdiction? (4)

A

Delegated responsibilities under the federal act
Animals welfare
Most wildlife
Wildlife habitat including non-salmon fresh-water fisheries

45
Q

What is under individual vertebrates protection internationally? (2)

A

NO agreements

Universal Declaration of Animal Welfare (UDAW) petition in progress

46
Q

What is under individual vertebrates protection federally? (3)

A

Criminal code of Canada (property section - prohibits willful cause of unnecessary harm to an animal or bird)
Meat inspection act (provisions for humane slaughter - no avoidable pain)
Health of animals act (some transport regulations)

47
Q

What is under individual vertebrates protection provincially?

A

Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (PCAA) prohibits abuse by animals in human ownership/custody/control - excludes non-captive wildlife and strays
* the SPCA is legally responsible for the enforcement of PCAA but us not funded

48
Q

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

A

Applies to both animals and plants threatened by exploitation for trade, import/export permit system, administered by Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) within Environment Canada

49
Q

Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears

A

5 arctic signatory nations - Canada, US, Denmark, Norway and former USSR
Includes hunting and trade regulations, conservation and research programs
Managed through CITIES and IUCN polar bear specialist group

50
Q

UN Convention on Biological Diversity // United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) // Rio Earth Summit 1992

A

Biodiversity conservation
Sustainable use of biological resources
Equitable sharing of benefits from biological resources
PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE - the lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation

51
Q

Legislation related to endangered species in Canada - DIRECTLY

A

Species at Risk Act (SARA)

52
Q

Legislation related to endangered species in Canada - INDIRECTLY (5)

A 
Canada Wildlife Act
Fisheries Act
Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (WAPPRIITA)
Migratory Birds Convention Act
Canada National Parks Act
53
Q

3 components of Canada’s National Strategy for the Protection of Species at Risk (federal)

A

National Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk
Habitat Stewardship Program
Species at Risk Act (SARA)

54
Q

What is the National Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk?

A

National statement of commitment to earth summit goals by developing legislation and programs
Formation of Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council (CESCC)

55
Q

What is the Habitat Stewardship Program?

A

Directs federal funds to habitat conservation and threat migration projects

56
Q

Species at Risk Act (SARA)

A

Prevention of extinction, recovery of species at risk, protection of critical habitat of species at risk
List of species at risk based on COSEWIC assessment
Applies only on federal land (~1% in BC..)
Provincial and federal agreement for joint implementation

57
Q

Canada Wildlife Act

A

Creation and management of national wildlife areas for research or conservation
Habitat protection for migratory birds and wildlife at risk
Prohibits harmful activities to certain species and habitat

58
Q

Fisheries Act

A

Management of marine fisheries
Protection of fish and fish habitats
Control of aquatic invasive species

59
Q

WAPPRIITA

A

Regulation of import/export transport or species prohibited by CITES or other laws
Applies to live or dead specimens and their parts/derivitives

60
Q

Migratory Birds Conservation Act

A

Regulation of impact from hunting/agriculture/research on migratory birds, their nests, eggs
Creation of migratory bird sanctuaries
Coordination of conservation and research with US
Applies on federal and provincial lands

61
Q

Canada National Parks Act

A

Creation and management of national parks / reserves

Ecological integrity is priority; limit development and prohibit hunting

62
Q

Legislation related to endangered species in BC - indirect and direct

A

Indirect - BC Wildlife Act, Identified Wildlife Management Strategy (IWMS) under the Forest and Range Practices Act (FRPA)
Direct - none!

63
Q

BC Wildlife Act

A

Priority is regulation of hunting game species
Protection of endangered species
Regulation of introduced species
*4 of 120 red listed BC vertebrates are under wildlife act: VI marmot, burrowing owl, american white pelican, sea otter

64
Q

Identified Wildlife Management Strategy (IWMS) under Forest and Range Practices Act (FRPA)

A

Species at risk wildlife AND Regionally important wildlife
Ungulate winter range management
Species protection form potentially harmful forestry practices but species cannot “unduly reduce the supply of timber”

65
Q

What are the 3 main types of ranking systems?

A

Nature Conservancy/Nature Serve - CDC (conservation data center)
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC)
Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council (CESCC)

66
Q

How does information on species flow federally and provincially?

A

Federal: COSEWIC list (with consideration of provincial CDC list) to the SARA Schedule 1
Provincial: CDC Red/Blue list (with consideration from COSEWIC) to the Wildlife Act and FRPA

67
Q

CDC Ranking System!

X, H, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ?, U, G, N, S, T

A 
X - presumed extirpated/extinct
H - historical
1 - critically imperiled
2 - imperiled
3 - vulnerable
4 - apparently secure
5 - secure
? - unranked, not yet assessed
U - unrankable from insufficient data
G - global
N - national 
S - subnational
T - subspecies/popualtion
68
Q

COSEWIC Ranking System!

X, XT, E, T, SC, NAR, DD,

A 
X - extinct
XT - extirpated
E - endangered
T - threatened
SC - special concern
NAR - not at risk
DD - data deficient
69
Q

CESCC Ranking System!

A

At risk, Maybe at risk, Sensitive, Secure, Undetermined, Not assessed, Exotic, Accidental

70
Q

Provincial Ranking Lists

RED, BLUE, YELLOW

A

RED: S1 (critically imperiled), S2 (imperiled), SX (sub-national extirpated or extinct)
BLUE: S3 (sub-national vulnerable) S3S4 (sub-national vulnerable to apparently secure)
YELLOW: S4 (sub-national apparently secure) S5 (sub-national secure)

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