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Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

4 characteristics of mammals

A

hair, integumentary glands, endothermic and homeothermic, and placenta (in most)

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2
Q

what is the pelage

A

a mammals fur coat made of two types of hair: underhair and guard hair

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3
Q

explain underhair and guard hair

A

underhair is dense and soft for insulation. guard hair is coarse and long for protection and colour

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4
Q

what are vibrissae?

A

whiskers

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5
Q

what are the two types of integumentary glands?

A

sebaceous glands (oil) and sweat glands (sweat, scent, ear wax, and milk)

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6
Q

what do sebaceous glands do?

A

secrete oily mixture called sebum into hair to keep it and skin soft and pliable

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7
Q

what are sweat glands used for?

A

cover most of the body and produce sweat for evaporative cooling

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8
Q

what are the two types of sweat glands?

A

scent glands and mammary glands

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9
Q

what is mammals primary sense?

A

olifaction

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10
Q

What are scent glands for?

A

type of sweat gland used for territorial marking, attract mates (pheromones), and defense (skunk)

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11
Q

what are mammary glands for?

A

modified sweat glands in females that supply mammae (teats). form along milk lines from axilla to groin

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12
Q

what are the positions of mammae in various species?

A

pectoral (bats, primates, sloths), inguinal or groin (most ungulates, and cetaceans), and abdominal (canids, felidae, and pigs)

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13
Q

steady body temperature is called what?

A

homeothermy

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14
Q

changing body temperature is called what?

A

poikilothermy

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15
Q

high resting metabolism is called what?

A

tachymetabolism

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16
Q

low resting metabolism is called what?

A

bradymetabolism

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17
Q

what is torpor?

A

a state of regulated hypothermia in an endotherm lasting a few hours. ex bats

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18
Q

what is hibernation?

A

regulated hypothermia lasting several days or weeks. ex bears

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19
Q

what happens in hibernation?

A

metabolic rate, breathing rate, core body temperature and heart rate are reduced (bradymetabolism).

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20
Q

How is heat conserved during hibernation?

A

thick winter coat, sleeping, and huddling

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21
Q

How is heat conserved in mammals in cold weather?

A

hair insulates by trapping air between the underhair and guard hair, and fat keeps heat below the dermis because it is a poor conductor

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22
Q

how do mammals keep cool in warm weather?

A

panting - evaporation and radiative heat loss from mouth and tongue.
sweating - evaporative cooling
vasodilation - increased blood flow to skin for radiative heat loss

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23
Q

what are the four types of herbivores?

A

gnawers (rodents and lagomorphs), grazers (bison, bighorn sheep), browsers (moose, deer), and grazer-browzers (elk, mt goat)

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24
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

increased blood flow to the skin for radiative cooling

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25
Q

name 3 omnivores

A

bears (ursidae), racoons (carnivora, procyonidae), and rats (rodentia, muridae)

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26
Q

what is coprophagy?

A

feeding on feces to provide the mammal with B vitamins and minerals. Seen in Rodentia, Lagomorpha, and Soricomorpha

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27
Q

what are the three types of mammalian reproduction?

A

oviparous (none), viviparous with pouch and small placenta (marsupials), viviparous with large placenta (most mammals)

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28
Q

Explain male reproduction in mammals

A
  • penis
  • can be external (humans) or internal (wolves)
  • most eutherian mammals have a baculum
  • testes are in scrotum outside the body for optimal temperature for sperm production
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29
Q

Explain male reproduction in marsupialia

A

most marsupials have a bifurcated penis and the testes are in front of the penis

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30
Q

What is a baculum?

A

penis bone

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31
Q

explain female mammalia reproduction

A
  • two ovaries that produce eggs called ova
  • two oviducts for passage of eggs and site of fertilization
  • oviducts open to one or two uteri which open to the vagina via the cervix
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32
Q

explain female mammalia estrous cycle

A

females are only receptive to males in estrus (heat). the endometrium (uterine lining) is reabsorbed instead of shed (humans)

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33
Q

what is monstrous?

A

one estrous cycle per year. bats, bears, deer, most canids

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34
Q

what is polyestrous?

A

several estrous cycles per year

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35
Q

Gestation: large litter =?

A

short gestation time

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36
Q

Gestation: small litter = ?

A

long gestation time

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37
Q

Gestation: precocial young = ?

A

long gestation time

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38
Q

Gestation: altricial young = ?

A

short gestation time

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39
Q

Explain delayed implantation

A

the blastocyst implantation in the uterine wall is delayed to coordinate breeding time for optimal birth conditions and embryonic development. Can result in altricial young even though long gestation time. Birth occurs at best time for survival. bears, bats, deer, sea lions

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40
Q

Explain delayed fertilization

A

females are able to store sperm in the uterus over the winter and fertilization takes place in spring

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41
Q

litter size of 1 = ?

A

mostly precocial young. large ungulates, cetaceans, and primates

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42
Q

litter size of 3-4+ = ?

A

mostly altricial. smaller marsuialia, rodentia, lagomorpha and carnivora

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43
Q

how do pheromones work?

A

chemicals that trigger a response in conspecific

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44
Q

how to allomones work?

A

chemicals that act between species

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45
Q

what are pheromones associated with?

A

saliva, sweat, urine, and feces

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46
Q

how are pheromones received?

A

through nerve endings in the nasal mucosa, taste receptors in the tongue and the jacobsons organ

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47
Q

what are 2 of the deer pheromone glands?

A

preorbital glands on head and tarsal glands in hocks of both hind legs

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48
Q

What is flehmen? and what is it associated with?

A

a characteristic behavior of ungulates and some carnivores in which the upper lip is lifted to block off other smells. associated with the jacobsons organ. identification of estrus in ungulates and recognition of young

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49
Q

what are the functions of chemical communication?

A

signaling social dominance, signaling sexual receptivity, marking territory/home range, influencing the physiology of others, recognition, defense

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50
Q

what are some pheromone-induced physiology changes in female mice when cagged with male mice or exposed to their urine?

A

females reach puberty faster, females may not implant eggs or may abort fetus if exposed to strange male urine, irregular estrous cycles, and females synchronize estrous cycles

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51
Q

What is the difference between a territory and a home range?

A

territories are defended against conspecifically and sometimes other species while home ranges are not defended

52
Q

What do territories relate to?

A

feeding, mating, and care of young

53
Q

Variation in size of home ranges depend on what?

A

type of species, size of species, and sex. males have larger home ranges than females. carnivores have larger home ranges than herbivores. home range may vary with season or food supply

54
Q

Order for marsupials?

A

marsupialia

55
Q

Order for shrews and moles?

A

soricomorpha

56
Q

Order for bats?

A

chiroptera

57
Q

Order for rodents?

A

rodentia

58
Q

Order for rabbits, hares, and pikas?

A

Lagomorpha

59
Q

Order for carnivores?

A

carnivora

60
Q

Order for seals, sea lions, walrus?

A

pinnipedia

61
Q

Order for whales, dolphins, and porpoises?

A

cetacean

62
Q

Order for even-toed ungulates?

A

artiodactyla

63
Q

Order for odd-toed ungulates?

A

perissodactyla

64
Q

Order for monkeys, lemurs, and apes?

A

primates

65
Q

what do opossums do in fear?

A

involuntary physiological response of a coma lasting up to 4 hours

66
Q

what are two neat things about the north american opossum?

A

prehensile, naked, scaly tail and opposable 1st toe on hind feet

67
Q

Do reproductive female bats enter torpour?

A

very rarely, but essentially no

68
Q

woodchucks belong in which order and family?

A

order rodentia and family squirrels

69
Q

what is the most primitive living rodent?

A

family mountain beaver

70
Q

what are two characteristics of the family mountain beaver?

A

very short tail and white spot just below ear

71
Q

what are the 9 families in order rodentia?

A

mountain beavers, flying squirrels, squirrels, pocket gophers, pocket mice, beavers, muridae, jumping mice, and porcupines

72
Q

What order and family do rats, mice, vole, and lemmings belong in?

A

order rodentia and family muridae

73
Q

what are two introduced species of squirrels?

A

eastern fox squirrel and eastern grey squirrel

74
Q

what are marmots?

A

large ground squirrels in the family squirrels

75
Q

which two families have fur-lined external cheek pouches?

A

pocket mice and pocket gophers

76
Q

where is the largest beaver dam in canada?

A

wood buffalo park, AB

77
Q

what is the difference between mice and voles?

A

mice have large eyes, large ears, long tails, and pointy noses. Voles have small eyes, small ears, short tails, and blunt noses

78
Q

what are 3 introduced species in family muridae?

A

black rat, norway rat, and house mouse

79
Q

what does order lagomorpha include?

A

hares, rabbits, and pikas

80
Q

what are two characteristics of pikas?

A

small ears and no tail

81
Q

what are two introduced species of lagomorphs in BC?

A

eastern cottontail and european rabbit

82
Q

How do you distinguish between lagomorphs and rodents?

A

lagomorphs tail is not visible or like a powder puff. rodents have longer tails not like a powder puff. lagomorphs have double upper incisors, one behind the other

83
Q

what are 2 families that are omnivores in the order carnivora?

A

family ursidea and family procyonidae

84
Q

Name the 5 families in order carnivora

A

ursidae, felidae, canidae, procyonidae, and mustelidae

85
Q

what family are wolves, coyotes, and foxes in?

A

canidae

86
Q

how many subspecies of cougars are there in BC?

A

3

87
Q

how do the spirit bears get their colouration?

A

two kermode bears with the same recessive alleles mate to create the colour variant

88
Q

why do procyonidae ‘wash’ their food?

A

racoons wash their food to improve the tactile experience an help identify food

89
Q

sea otter, river otter, fisher, wolverine, mink, marten, weasel, skunk, and badger belong to which order and family?

A

order carnivora and family mustelidae

90
Q

what kind of colouration do skunks have?

A

aposematic

91
Q

what order is odd-toed ungulates?

A

perissodactyla

92
Q

what single family is in order perissodactyla?

A

family equidae - wild/feral horses

93
Q

what order is even-toed ungulates?

A

artiodactyla

94
Q

what are the 2 families in order artiodactyla?

A

bovidae and cervidae

95
Q

which family in order artiodactyla have true horns and which have antlers?

A

Bovidae have true horns and cervidae have antlers

96
Q

bison, cattle, sheep, goats, and antelope belong to which family in order artiodactyla?

A

family bovidae

97
Q

deer, elk, moose, and caribou belong to which order and family?

A

order artiodactyla and family cervidae

98
Q

explain the structure of true horns

A

a keratin sheath surrounding living bone with nerve and blood supply. Horns are continuous with the skull

99
Q

not shed, not branched, and grow continuously is a characteristic of what?

A

horns in family bovidae

100
Q

do horns or antlers occur usually in both males and females?

A

horns

101
Q

explain the structure of antlers when mature and when growing

A

solid dead bone when mature and covered in velvet when growing to supply nerve an blood

102
Q

antlers are ___ and shed after the ____ ____

A

branched, breeding season

103
Q

do antlers generally occur in both males and females? T/F

A

false! (dwight)

104
Q

what are the two orders of mammals that are exclusively marine?

A

pinnipedia and cetacea

105
Q

what are two exclusively marine mammals in order carnivora?

A

polar bears and sea otters

106
Q

what are the two families in order pinnipedia?

A

family sea lions (otariidae) and family hair seals (phocidae)

107
Q

what are the 3 members of family sea lions (otariidae)?

A

northern sea lion, california sea lion, northern fur seal

108
Q

what are the 2 members of family hair seals (phocidae)?

A

harour seal and northern elephant seal

109
Q

which member in family otariidae has great sexual dimorphism?

A

northern sea lion

110
Q

which member in family otariidae has raised foreheads in males?

A

california sea lion

111
Q

which member in family otariidae is not social and pelagic for 7-10 months of the year?

A

northern fur seal

112
Q

which member of family phocidae went through a genetic bottleneck?

A

northern elephant seal

113
Q

what are the two suborders in order cetacea?

A

mysticeti and odontoceti

114
Q

which suborder has paired nasal openings?

A

mysticeti

115
Q

which suborder has a asymmetrical skull?

A

odontoceti

116
Q

which suborder has baleen?

A

mysticeti

117
Q

which suborder has real teeth?

A

odontoceti

118
Q

which suborder has a symmetrical skull?

A

mysticeti

119
Q

what type of teeth do odontoceti have?

A

monophyodont and homodont

120
Q

what are baleen made out of, where do they grow, and how do they work?

A

made of keratin that grown from the gums of the upper jaw and work by the outside being smooth and the inside being fiberous and linking together to strain the water taken in the mouth

121
Q

what are the 3 families in suborder mysticeti?

A

right whales, rorquals (humpback and blue whales), and grey whales

122
Q

what are the 4 families in suborder odontoceti?

A

dolphins, porpoises, sperm whales, and beaked whales

123
Q

which suborder and family of whales have very long pectoral fins and serrated fluke edges?

A

suborder mysticeti and family rorqual and humpback whales

124
Q

which species of whales are best known to use bubble-netting?

A

humpback whales

125
Q

what are 4 characteristics of grey whales?

A

benthic feeders, dorsal knuckles, heavy barnacle load, and long annual migrations

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