other revision

Question 1

give an example of a water soluble hormone

Answer 1

peptides - TRH, LH, FSH

Question 2

are water soluble hormones stored in vesicles or synthesised on demand?

Answer 2

stored in vesicles

Question 3

what are the 3 phases of alcoholic liver disease?

Answer 3

fatty changes
alcoholic hepatitis
alcoholic cirrhosis

Question 4

name a scoring system used as a prognostic tool in acute pancreatitis?

Answer 4

abbreviated glasgow scoring system

Question 5

what points make up the glasgow scoring system?

Answer 5

PaO2 <8kPa
age >55
neutrophils >10x10^9
calcium <2mmol/L
raised urea >15mmol/L
elevated enzymes
albumin <32g/L
sugar - serum glucose >15mmol/L

Question 6

give 3 major features of MS plaque

Answer 6

inflammation
demyelination
axon loss

Question 7

give 4 functions of the lower urinary tract

Answer 7

storage of urine
converts continuous process of excretion into intermittent, controlled and volitional process
prevents leakage of stored urine
allows rapid, low pressure voiding

Question 8

what is the most likely cause of LUTS in men>50?

Answer 8

BPH

Question 9

what anatomical structures make up the lower urinary tract?

Answer 9

bladder
bladder neck
prostate gland
urethra
urethral sphincter

Question 10

LUTS: give 4 symptoms of stoarge problems

Answer 10

frequency
urgency
nocturia

Question 11

LUTS: give 4 symptoms of voiding problems

Answer 11

straining
hesistancy
incomplete emptying
poor flow

Question 12

give 2 side effects of tamulosin?

Answer 12

hypotension

retrograde ejaculation

Question 13

what 7 things are reabsorbed in PCT

Answer 13

sodium
chlorine
potassium
glucose
water
amino acids
bicarbonate

Question 14

give 3 causes of nocturnal polyuria

Answer 14

habitual
congestive heart failure
sleep aponea

Question 15

what is the effect of macula densa cells when they detect raised NaCl?

Answer 15

AA constriction

Question 16

describe the treatment for type 1 prostatitis

Answer 16

acute bacterial prostatitis

IV Abx - gentamycin, co-amoxiclav for 2 wks

Question 17

describe tubuloglomerular feedback

Answer 17

macula densa cells of DCT lie between AA and EA

they detect NaCl and use this as indicator for GFR

Question 18

how do alpha-1-blockers work in management of LUTS?

Answer 18

cause vasodilation - reduced resistance to bladder outflow

Question 19

which cells are found in the collecting duct of the nephron?

Answer 19

principal cells

intercalated cells

Question 20

what chemical compound is responsible for the smooth muscle relaxation required for an erection

Answer 20

NO - causes fall in cytoplasmic Ca causing smooth muscle relaxation

Question 21

describe the physiology of an erection

Answer 21

parasympathetic stimulation
arteriolar dilation
smooth muscle relaxation
testosterone

Question 22

give 5 potential conseqeunces of untreated LUTS

Answer 22

bladder stones
UTI
urinary incontinence
reduced QOL
acute urinary retention

Question 23

what are the 2 main causes of erectile dysfuntion

Answer 23

organic

psychogenic

Question 24

give 4 risk factors for erectile dysfunction

Answer 24

obesity
lack of exercise
smoking
DM

Question 25

what is the non-pharmacological management of erectile dysfunction

Answer 25

lose weight stop smoking education counselling

Question 26

what is the pharmacological management of erectile dysfunction?

Answer 26

1st line - phosphodiesterase inhibitors (viagra) - cause vasodilation and increase blood flow to penis 2nd line = intracavernous injections / vacuum devices 3rd line = penile prosthesis implantation

Question 27

what is priapism and what are the potential consequences?

Answer 27

prolonged erection risk of permanent ischaemic damage

Question 28

where might transitional cell carcinoma arise?

Answer 28

bladder (50%) ureter renal pelvis

Question 29

give 5 risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 29

- smoking - occupational exposure (rubber factory = aromatic amines) - increasing age - male gender - family history

Question 30

what are the symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 30

``` painless haematuria frequency urgency dysuria urinary tract obstruction ```

Question 31

name a helminth that can cause sqaumous cell carcinoma of bladder

Answer 31

schistosomiasis

Question 32

what is fanconi syndrome?

Answer 32

failure of nephron to reabsorb essential ions | sugar, amino acids, and bicarbonate present in urine

Question 33

what is the function of the counter current multiplication system?

Answer 33

generates hypertonic medullary interstitium for H2O reabsorption Na+ moves out of ascending limb which increases medullary osmolality and H2O follows

Question 34

what is the response of the macula densa cells when they detect reduced NaCl?

Answer 34

renin secretion

Question 35

name a hormone that decreases sodium reabsorption

Answer 35

ANP

Question 36

what iss the treatment for type 2 prostatitis?

Answer 36

quinolone - ciprofloxacin

Question 37

what is the traid of symptoms for pyelonephritis?

Answer 37

loin pain fever pyuria

Question 38

what are the 3 types of incontinence

Answer 38

stress urgency mixed continuous

Question 39

what is the main cause of stress incontinence for women?

Answer 39

secondary to birth trauma

Question 40

what is the treatment for stress incontinence for females?

Answer 40

- pelvic floor physio - duloxetine - surgery

Question 41

what is the main cause of stress incontinence for men?

Answer 41

neurogenic or iatrogenic

Question 42

what is the treatment for stress incontinence for men?

Answer 42

artificial sphincter | sling

Question 43

what are the sympto s of overactive bladder?

Answer 43

urgency and frequency in absence of pathology

Question 44

what is the treatment for overactive bladder?

Answer 44

1. behavioural 2. pelvic floor physio 3. muscarinic antagonists 4. Beta 3 agonists 5. botox 6. cystoplasty

Question 45

what is the role of the cortex in micturation?

Answer 45

roles in senation and voluntary initation of micturition

Question 46

what is the role of PMC/PAG in micturition?

Answer 46

co-ordination and completion of voiding

Question 47

what is the singificance of dysmorphic RBCs in urine sample and blood film?

Answer 47

glomerular origin

Question 48

give 5 cuases of haematuria

Answer 48

kidney tumour / stones / cyst ureteric stone bladder infection, stones BPH / prostate cancer

Question 49

describe the fluid distribution in the body

Answer 49

``` total = 42L ICF = 28L ECF = 14L - interstitial = 11L, plasma = 3L ```