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kines final > other joints of the ankle and foot > Flashcards

other joints of the ankle and foot Flashcards

1
Q

foot is the

A

terminal joint of the lower kinetic chain

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2
Q

lower extremity should distribute and dissipate

A

compressive

tensile

shearing

rotary forces

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3
Q

what can inadequate distribution of forces lead to

A

abnormal movement

produces excessive stress

results in breakdown of connective tissue and muscles

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4
Q

what do the foot and ankle have to be

A

both mobile and stable

stable –> WB and gait

mobile

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5
Q

what do the foot and ankle have to be mobile

A

allow ground adaptation

shock absorption

compensate for rotation movements

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6
Q

allow ground adaptation

A

foot must adapt to the different surfaces we walk on

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7
Q

shock absorption

A

when the foot hits the ground

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8
Q

compensate for rotation movements

A

that occur proximally at the hip during gait

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9
Q

how is the ankle/foot complex divided

A

3 functional segments

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10
Q

3 fxnal segments of the ankle-foot complex

A

hind foot

mid foot

forefoot

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11
Q

hindfoot

A

posterior segment

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12
Q

hindfoot

A

posterior segment

talus and calcaneus

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13
Q

mid foot

A

middle segment

navicular, cuboid and 3 cuneiforms

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14
Q

forefoot

A

anterior segment

metatarsals and phalanges

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15
Q

talocalcaneonavicular joint

A

functional joint that ties together the talonavicular joint and the subtalar joint

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16
Q

talonavicular joint

A

head of the talus w/ the navicular

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17
Q

how does the calcaneus connected to the navicular

A

by the spring ligament

medial portion of the bifurcate ligament

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18
Q

function of the TCN

A

motion at the WB talus at one articulation will cause motion at the other articulations

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19
Q

what does the TCN do

A

helps what happens in the back of the foot occur in the front of the foot

mechanical link

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20
Q

transverse tarsal joint (midtarsal joint)

A

compound joint

formed by the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints

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21
Q

what do these two joints of the midtarsal joint form

A

“S-shape”

divides the hind foot from the midfoot and forefoot

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22
Q

midtarsal –> movement of the bones

A

cuboid and navicular are immobile in WB positions

in WB positions –> movement of the talus and calcaneus on the navicuolocuboid unit

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23
Q

calcaneocuboid joint

A

anterior calcaneus and the posterior aspect of the cuboid

has its own capsule that is reinforced by ligaments

24
Q

ligaments of the midtarsal joint

A

lateral band of the bifurcate lig

dorsal calcaneocuboid lig

plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar lig)

long plantar lig

25
Q

long plantar lig –> midtarsal joint

A

attaches the back of the foot to the front of the foot

important for transverse tarsal joint stability

support of the longitudinal arch of the foot

26
Q

fxn of the midtarsal joint

A

mechanically linked with TCN by a shared talonavicular joint

subtalar and TCN motion involves the entire transverse tarsal joint

27
Q

when TCN is supinated and locked

A

transverse tarsal joint is also locked

28
Q

when TCN is pronated and loose-packed

A

midtarsal joint is also mobile and loose packed

29
Q

what is the transverse tarsal joint to the hind and forefoot

A

transitional link

will add supination and pronation

30
Q

tarsometatarsal joints

A

plane synovial joints formed by the distal row and the base of the metatarsals

31
Q

1st TMT

A

base of the first metatarsal w/ the medial cuneiform

has its own joint capsule

32
Q

2nd TMT

A

base of the 2nd metatarsal w/ the middle cuneiform and the sides of the medial and lateral cuneiforms

strong and motion is more restricted = more stable

33
Q

3rd TMT

A

base of 3rd metatarsal w/ the lateral cuneiform

shares a joint capsule with the 2nd TMT

34
Q

4th and 5th TMT

A

bases of the 4th and 5th metatarsals with the cuboid

share a joint capsule

35
Q

what reinforce each TMT joint

A

numerous dorsal, plantar and interosseous ligs

36
Q

fxn of the TMTS

A

continuation of the transverse tarsal joint

will assist in regulating positions of the metatarsals and phalanges relative to the WB surface

37
Q

if the transversetarsal joint motion is adequate

A

TMT join motion is not required

38
Q

when rear foot motion is extreme

A

TMT join may rotate to provide further adjustment of forefoot position

39
Q

Ray

A

fxnal unit formed by a metatarsal and its assocaited cuneiform

3 rays

40
Q

1st ray

A

1MT w/ medial cuneiform

41
Q

2nd ray

A

2nd MT w/ middle cuneiform

42
Q

3rd ray

A

3rd MT w/ lateral cuneiform

43
Q

4th and 5th rays

A

not associated w/ a cuneiform

formed by the metatarsal alone

44
Q

TMT action

A

contribute to hollowing and flattening the foot

help compensate for read foot position if the transverse tarsal joint motion is not adequate

45
Q

metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP)

A

condyloid synovial joints

2 degrees of freedom

allow for flexion/extension and ABD/ADD

46
Q

1st MTP ROM

A

45 degrees of flexion

70 degrees of extension

47
Q

why is adequate extension of first MTP important

A

late stand phase of gait

48
Q

2-5th MTP ROM

A

approx 40 degrees of flexion and extension

49
Q

sesamoid bones –> MTP

A

first MTP has two sesamoid bones

anatomic pulleys for the flexor hallucis brevis

protect the flexor hallucis longus from WB trauma

also share the WB load with the head of the first MT

50
Q

MTP joint fxn

A

allow the foot to hinge at the toes

51
Q

2 structural aspects of MTP that enhance hinging at toes

A

metatarsal break

plantar aponeurosis

52
Q

metatarsal break

A

single oblique axis for MTP flexion/extension that passes through the 2-5 MT heads

oblique b/c MT get smaller as we go from 2-5

where the foot hinges when the heel rises

53
Q

plantar aponeurosis

A

dense fascia that runs from the calcaneus to the toes

as the toes are extended @MTP –> the fascia is pulled tight

tension will draw the heal towards the toes and contribute to rigidity of the foot (windless mechanism) –> makes it more stable by pulling into supination

54
Q

interphalangeal joint

A

synovial hinge joints

one degree of freedom

flexion/extension allowed

55
Q

IP fxn

A

smooth weight shift to the opposite foot in gait

help maintain stability by pressing against the ground

kines final (11 decks)

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