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2A Microbiology Midterms > OTHER CELL SURFACE STRUCTURES AND INCLUSIONS > Flashcards

OTHER CELL SURFACE STRUCTURES AND INCLUSIONS Flashcards

1
Q

______
- viscous substance forming a covering layer or envelope around the cell wall of some bacteria.

A

Capsule

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2
Q

Capsule
most bacterial capsules consist of polysaccharides which can be:

A

homopolysaccharides
heteropolysaccharides

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3
Q

Capsule
most bacterial capsules consist of polysaccharides which can be:

______ - a capsule is composed of a single kind of sugar usually synthesized outside the cell by exocellular enzymes, e.g. glucan from sucrose by Streptococcus mutans

A

homopolysaccharides

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4
Q

Capsule
most bacterial capsules consist of polysaccharides which can be:

______ - which is composed of several kinds of sugars

A

heteropolysaccharides

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5
Q

______
- provide protection against temporary drying by binding water molecules

A

Capsule

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6
Q

Capsule
- block attachment of ______ (inhibit the engulfment of pathogenic bacteria by ______ that contribute to ______)

A

bacteriophages antiphagocytic, white blood cells, virulence

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7
Q

______
- promote attachment of bacteria to surfaces

A

Capsule

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8
Q

Fimbriae
- a filamentous ______ structure

A

protein

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9
Q

Fimbriae
- ______nm wide (a single cell can contain around ______ Fimbriae).

A

2-10, 1000

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10
Q

______
- enable organisms to stick to surfaces.

A

Fimbriae

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11
Q

Pili
- filamentous ______ structures

A

protein

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12
Q

Pili
- ______ nm wide and ______ than the fimbrie (a single cell can contain around ______ pili)

A

9-10, longer, 1-10

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13
Q

______
- do not function in motility since they are found on non-motile and motile species.

A

Pili

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14
Q

Pili
______
- serves as the path of entry of generic material during bacterial mating

A

F pilus (Sex pilus)

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15
Q

Pili
______
- allows pathogenic bacteria to attach to the epithelial cells lining the ______, ______ or ______ tracts

A

F pilus (Sex pilus), respiratory, intestinal, genitourinary

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16
Q

Pili
______
- prevents the bacteria from being washed away by the flow of mucous or body fluids and permits infections to be established.

A

F pilus (Sex pilus)

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17
Q

Pili
______
- a special type of pilus in certain Archea species with hooks on the outside

A

Hamus

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18
Q

Pili
______
- used to attach to surfaces and to other micmorganisms, making a biofilm

A

Hamus

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19
Q

______
- contained in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

A

Cytoplasmic Inclusions

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20
Q

______
- distinct granules that may occupy a substantial part of the cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasmic Inclusions

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21
Q

Cytoplasmic Inclusions
- some are membranous ______ or
______ into the cytoplasm which contain photosynthetic ______ or ______

A

vesicles, intrusions, pigments, enzymes

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22
Q

Cytoplasmic Inclusions
Functions:
- ______, ______, ______

A

energy reserves, carbon reservoirs, reduce osmotic stress

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23
Q

______
- spindle shaped structures found in some planktonic bacteria

A

Gas Vesicles

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24
Q

______
- a hollow cylinder

A

Gas Vesicles

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25
Q

______
- provides buoyancy to these cells by decreasing their overall cell density

A

Gas Vesicles

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26
Q

Gas Vesicles
- made up of a shell of ______ that has a highly ______ inner surface permeable to most ______

A

protein, hydrophobic, gases

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27
Q

______
- produced within cells and are refractile

A

Endospores

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28
Q

______
- resting structures (little or no metabolism inside the spore)

A

Endospores

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29
Q

______
- can survive for a very long time, and then re-germinate

A

Endospores

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30
Q

______
- complex structures whose basic architecture is conserved across species

A

Endospores

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31
Q

______
- produced within cells

A

Endospores

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32
Q

______
- enables an organism to resist extreme environmental conditions.

A

Endospores

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33
Q

Endospores
- enables an organism to resist extreme environmental conditions such as:

A

Temperature
Drying
UV radiation
Strong acids and bases
Oxidizing agents
Extremes of both vacuum and ultrahigh hydrostatic pressure

34
Q

Endospores
- Resistance of spore is attributed to following factors:
- The presence of high content of ______ which ______ and ______ the ______
- ______ proteins ______ DNA from ______, ______, ______, and ______
- ______ that results in ______ to ______ and ______
- ______ enzymes are able to repair damaged DNA during ______

A

calcium-dipicolinate, stabilizes, protect, DNA

DNA-binding, protect, heat, drying, chemicals, radiation

Dehydration, resistance, heat, radiation

DNA repair, germination

35
Q

Endospores
Key spore forming genera:
• ______
• ______
• ______
• ______

A

Bacillus
Clostridium
Sporosarcina
Heliobacterium

36
Q

Endospores
Key spore forming genera:
______
- cells are cocci (spherical) instead of rods and are strictly aerobic

A

Heliobacterium

37
Q

Endospores
Other spore forming genera:

A

Paenibacillus, Sporolactobacillus,
Desulfotomaculum, Thermoanarobacter

38
Q

Cell locomotion:

A

Internal Movement (Cytoplasmic Streaming)
External Movement (Motility)

39
Q

Cell locomotion:
______
- governed by actin filaments and other components of the cytoskeleton that provide an area in which organelles such as chloroplasts can move

A

Internal Movement (Cytoplasmic Streaming)

40
Q

Cell locomotion:
______
- determined by special organelles for locomation (pseudopodia, cilia and flagella)

A

External Movement (Motility)

41
Q

Cell Movement
brought about by:

______
- network of connected flaments and tubules

A

Cytoskeleton

42
Q

Cell Movement
brought about by:

______
- major part of this feature are the protein fibers

A

Cytoskeleton

43
Q

Cell Movement
brought about by:

______
- maintain cell shape

A

Cytoskeleton

44
Q

Cell Movement
brought about by:

______
- allow the cell and its organelles to move

A

Cytoskeleton

45
Q

Cell Movement
brought about by:

______
- has actin flaments that occur in bundles

A

Cytoskeleton

46
Q

Cell Movement
brought about by:

______
- rope-like assemblies of fibrous polypeptides

A

Intermediate filaments

47
Q

Cell Movement
brought about by:

______
- some support the nuclear envelope while other support the plasma membrane

A

Intermediate filaments

48
Q

Cell Movement
brought about by:

______
- form cell-to cell junctions

A

Intermediate filaments

49
Q

Cell Movement
brought about by:

______
- small hollow cylinders

A

Microtubules

50
Q

Cell Movement
brought about by:

______
- composed of a globular protein tubulin.

A

Microtubules

51
Q

Cell Movement
brought about by:

Microtubules
- Assembly brings the two types of tubulin (______ and ______) together as ______, which arrange themselves in ______

A

alpha, beta, dimers, rows

52
Q

Cell Movement

______
• filamentous protein structures attached to the cell surface that provide the swimming

53
Q

Cell Movement

______
- made up of a movement for most motile prokaryotes

54
Q

Cell Movement

Flagella
• ______ flagella (thinner than ______ flagella) with diameter of about ______ nm

A

prokaryotic, eukaryotic, 20

55
Q

Cell Movement

Flagella
• about half of the ______ and all of the ______ and ______ bacteria are motile by means of flagella.

A

bacilli, spiral, curved

56
Q

Cell Movement

Flagella
______: A single polar flagellum. Many that appears and functions as ______ or ______ flagella consist of bundles of ______ to ______ single units (______).

A

Monotrichous, monopolar, bipolar, 2, 50, polytrichous

57
Q

Cell Movement

Flagella
______: A cluster of polar fagella.

A

Lophotrichous

58
Q

Cell Movement

Flagella
______: Flagella, either single or clusters at both cell poles.

A

Amphitrichous

59
Q

Cell Movement

Flagella
______: Cell surrounded by lateral flagella.

A

Peritrichous

60
Q

Cell Movement

______
- beat in a coordinated back-and-forth motion

61
Q

Cell Movement

Cilia
- cilia of some ______ (such as ______) are responsible for cell motility and for sweeping food organisms over the cell surface and into the ______

A

protozoans, Paramecium, oral cavity

62
Q

Cell Movement

Cilia
- the beating of cilia or flagella is caused by the ______ which is followed by the ______

A

intraciliary excitation, interciliary conduction

63
Q

Cell Movement

Cilia
Four types of ciliary movements:

A

pendulus ciliary movement
unciform ciliary movement
infundibuliform ciliary movement
undulant movement

64
Q

Cell Movement

Cilia
Four types of ciliary movements:

______
- carried out in a single plane

A

pendulus ciliary movement

65
Q

Cell Movement

Cilia
Four types of ciliary movements:

______
- occurs in the ciliated protozoans which have rigid cilia

A

pendulus ciliary movement

66
Q

Cell Movement

Cilia
Four types of ciliary movements:

______
- (hook-like) ciliary movement occurs commonly in the metazoan cells

A

unciform ciliary movement

67
Q

Cell Movement

Cilia
Four types of ciliary movements:

______
- occurs due to the rotary movement of the cilium and flagellum

A

infundibuliform ciliary movement

68
Q

Cell Movement

Cilia
Four types of ciliary movements:

______
- waves of contraction

A

undulant movement

69
Q

Cell Movement
Gliding Motility
• gliding bacteria are typically ______ or ______

A

filamentous, rod-shaped

70
Q

Cell Movement
______
• requires that the cells to be in contact with a solid surface

A

Gliding Motility

71
Q

Cell Movement
______
• absent in domain Archaea

A

Gliding Motility

72
Q

Cell Movement
Gliding Motility
• “______”
a form of gliding motility

A

twitching motility

73
Q

Cell Movement
______
• response to physical or chemical agent (either away or towards)

A

Chemotaxis

74
Q

Cell Movement
Chemotaxis
______ - response to chemicals
______ - response to light

A

Chemotaxis
Phototaxis

75
Q

Cell Movement
______
• present in swimming bacteria

A

Chemotaxis

76
Q

Cell Movement
Phototaxis and Other Taxes
• ______ - move toward light

A

Phototaxis

77
Q

Cell Movement
Phototaxis and Other Taxes
• Phototaxis
______ - a phototrophic bacterium swims outside the illuminated field of view of the microscope into darkness

A

scotophototaxis

78
Q

Cell Movement
Phototaxis and Other Taxes
• ______ - toward or away from oxygen

79
Q

Cell Movement
Phototaxis and Other Taxes
• ______ - toward or away from conditions of high ionic strength

80
Q

Cell Movement
Phototaxis and Other Taxes
• ______ - movement toward water, observed in some gliding cyanobacteria

A

Hydrotaxis

2A Microbiology Midterms (3 decks)

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