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2A Microbiology Midterms > CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN BACTERIA AND ARCHEA > Flashcards

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN BACTERIA AND ARCHEA Flashcards

1
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

A

Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya

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2
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
• also called ______

A

Archaebacteria

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3
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
prokaryote or eukaryote?

A

prokaryote

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4
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
• ______ celled microorganisms

A

single

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5
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
• can thrive in areas that have high ______, ______, ______ (______)

A

salinity, temperature, pressure, extremophiles

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6
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea

______ (high temp.)
______ (high temp. + extreme acidity)
______ (alkaline)
______ (salt)
______ (low temp.)

A

thermophiles
thermoacidophiles
alkaliphiles
halophiles
psychrophiles

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7
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
• most are ______

A

heterotrophs

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8
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Archaea
• diverse in ______ and required ______ (unusual ______ characteristics)

A

shape, nutrients, metabolic

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9
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

______
• cell walls lack peptidoglycan

A

Domain Archaea

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10
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Bacteria
• also called ______

A

Eubacteria

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11
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Bacteria
prokaryote or eukaryote?

A

prokaryote

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12
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Bacteria
• ______ celled microorganisms

A

single

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13
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Bacteria
• most are ______

A

heterotrophs

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15
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

______
• can thrive in different environments

A

Domain Bacteria

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16
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

______
• most abundant

A

Domain Bacteria

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16
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

______
• cell walls have peptidoglycan

A

Domain Bacteria

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17
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya
• major groups (______ and ______)

A

Fungi, Protista

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18
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Fungi
- ______ (yeasts) or ______ eukaryote (i.e. lichens, mushrooms)

A

unicellular, multicellular

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19
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

______
- heterotrophic

A

Fungi

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20
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

______
- lack motility

A

Fungi

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21
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

______
- cell walls have chitin

A

Fungi

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22
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Fungi
- most fungi have ______ (for ______ growth)

A

hyphae, vegetative

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23
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista (______, ______, ______ and ______)

A

algae, protozoa, slime molds, water molds

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24
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
Algae
• ______ (more than one common evolutionary ancestor/group)

A

polyphyletic

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25
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• most are photoautotrophic

A

Algae

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26
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• primarily aquatic

A

Algae

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27
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• mostly unicellular

A

Algae

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28
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• thallophytic

A

Algae

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29
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• does not have a vascular system, lacks organ differentiation

A

Algae

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30
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• unicellular, usually motile

A

Protozoa

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31
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• most are free-living

A

Protozoa

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32
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• some species are commensals

A

Protozoa

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33
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
Protozoa
• nucleus is ______ (except ______)

A

vesicular, ciliates

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34
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• composed of acellular mass of naked protoplasm

A

Slime Molds

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35
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• saprophytic

A

Slime Molds

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36
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• vegetative stage has no cell walls

A

Slime Molds

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37
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• some are unicellular

A

Slime Molds

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38
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• lack chitin in their cell walls

A

Slime Molds

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39
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• diploid nuclei

A

Water Molds

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40
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
Water Molds
• ______ - produce large non-motile gametes (______), and smaller gametes (______)

A

oogamous, eggs, sperm

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41
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• form flagellated reproductive cells

A

Water Molds

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42
Q

Three Domain Systems of Classification of Microorganisms:

Domain Eukarya

Protista
______
• most thrive in water or moist areas

A

Water Molds

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43
Q

______
• noncellular

A

Viruses

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44
Q

Viruses
• most have either ______ or ______

A

RNA, DNA

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45
Q

______
• nucleic acid is enclosed within a protein coat or capsid

A

Viruses

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46
Q

Viruses
• nucleic acid could be ______ or ______ stranded

A

single, double

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47
Q

______
• can only be seen using an electron microscope

48
Q

______
• cannot reproduce by itself

49
Q

Cell Morphology
Shapes of Cells:

A

• Spherical
• Bacilli (rod-like)
• Spiral

50
Q

Cell Morphology
Knowing the shape of a cell can be used to determine the ______ of a microorganism.

A

morphological group

51
Q

______ are the smallest working unit of all living things.

52
Q

All cells come from ______ through ______.

A

preexisting cells, cell division

53
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells:

A

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

54
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Prokaryotes
• Pro = “______”, karyon = “______”

A

before, nucleus

55
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

______
• the first living organisms to evolve

A

Prokaryotes

56
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Prokaryotes
• lack a membrane-bound ______

58
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Prokaryotes
• Ex: all ______ and bacteria-like ______

A

bacteria, Archaea

59
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Prokaryotes
______
- the only membrane in prokaryotic cells

A

Plasma membrane

60
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Prokaryotes
______
- the outer boundary of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

61
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Prokaryotes
- their genetic material is ______ within the ______

A

naked, cytoplasm

62
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Prokaryotes
______ - their only type of organelle

63
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Prokaryotes
- always ______-celled, except when they exist in ______.

A

single, colonies

64
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Prokaryotes
- reproduce by means of ______

A

binary fission

65
Q

______
- duplicating their genetic material and then essentially splitting to form two daughter cells identical to the parent.

A

binary fission

66
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Eukaryotes
• Eu = “______”, karyon = “______”

A

true, nucleus

67
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Eukaryotes
• Presence of a ______, a double membrane-bound control center

68
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Eukaryotes
• ______ separates the genetic material, ______, from the rest of the cell.

A

Nucleus, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

69
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Eukaryotes
• ______ membrane

70
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Eukaryotes
• Internal membrane-bound structures called ______ that are involved in ______ and ______ within the cell.

A

organelles, metabolism, energy conversion

71
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Eukaryotes
• reproduce by ______ (sexual reproduction) and ______ (cell division producing identical daughter cells).

A

meiosis, mitosis

72
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is the ______.

A

location of chromosomes

73
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is the location of chromosomes.

• ______ cells
- chromosomes are contained in a membrane-enclosed organelle (nucleus)

A

Eukaryotic

74
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is the location of chromosomes.

• ______ cells
- the DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid without a membrane separating it from the rest of the cell.

A

Prokaryotic

75
Q

Cell wall
- “______”, prevents a cell from ______ (a result of osmotic pressure)

A

cell envelope, lysis

76
Q

______
- gives shape and rigidity to a cell

77
Q

______
- a polysaccharide, found in Bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

78
Q

Peptidoglycan
- consists of ______ chains of repeating ______ and ______ residues cross-linked via ______ side chains

A

glycan, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, peptide

79
Q

______
- not present in bacteria but are present in cell wall-less bacteria (Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Spiroplasma, Anaeroplasma).

80
Q

______
- a technique that segregates bacteria into two major groups.

A

Gram staining method

81
Q

Gram staining method
- a technique that segregates bacteria into two major groups:
• ______
• ______

A

Gram positive, Gram negative

82
Q

______
• consist of several layers of peptidoglycan resulting to a thick and rigid structure.

A

Gram positive cell walls

83
Q

Gram positive cell walls
______
- negatively charged and regulate movement of cations into the cell

A

Teichoic acids

84
Q

Gram positive cell walls
______
- regulate cell growth and prevent lysis of the cell

A

Teichoic acids

85
Q

Gram positive cell walls
______
- can be used to identify bacteria.

A

Teichoic acids

86
Q

Gram positive cell walls
Teichoic acids
• Two types:

A

Lipoteichoic acids
Wall teichoic acids

87
Q

Gram positive cell walls
Teichoic acids
• Two types:

______:
- Span cell wall, linked to cell membrane.

A

Lipoteichoic acids

88
Q

Gram positive cell walls
Teichoic acids
• Two types:

______:
- Linked to peptidoglycan layer.

A

Wall teichoic acids

89
Q

______
• more complex and thinner

A

Gram negative cell walls

90
Q

______
• more prone to mechanical breakage

A

Gram negative cell walls

91
Q

______
• consists of one or few peptidoglycan layers and an outer membrane.

A

Gram negative cell walls

92
Q

Gram negative cell walls
• this polymer bonds to ______ in the outer membrane and ______

A

lipoproteins, periplasmic space

93
Q

______
• with presence of degradative enzymes and transport proteins.

A

Gram negative cell walls

94
Q

Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall:
Outer Membrane (OM)
• Functions:
- Evade ______ and complement due to strong ______.

A

phagocytosis, negative charge

95
Q

Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall:
Outer Membrane (OM)
• Functions:
- Barrier to ______ (penicillin), ______ (lysozyme), ______, ______, ______, and ______.

A

antibiotics, digestive enzymes, detergents, heavy metals, dyes, bile salts

96
Q

Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall:
Outer Membrane (OM)
Consists of:

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Porins
Lipoproteins
Lipopolysaccharides

97
Q

Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall:
Outer Membrane (OM)
Consists of

______: Membrane proteins that allow the passage of nucleotides, disaccharides, peptides, amino acids, vitamins, and iron

98
Q

Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall:
Outer Membrane (OM)
Consists of

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with two components:

A

O polysaccharides
Lipid A

99
Q

Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall:
Outer Membrane (OM)
Consists of

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with two components:
• ______: Antigens, used to identify bacteria.

A

O polysaccharides

100
Q

Parts of the Gram Negative Cell Wall:
Outer Membrane (OM)
Consists of

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with two components:
• ______: Endotoxin causes fever and shock.

101
Q

Cell Walls of Archea contain:

A

• Polysaccharide
• Proteins
• Glycoproteins

102
Q

Cell Walls of Archea
• the cell walls of methanogens are made of ______ which is quite similar with ______ but there are also species that only contain an ______

A

pseudomurein, peptidoglycan, S-layer

103
Q

Cell Walls of Archea
• there are species within Archaea that instead of pseudomurein, it has polymers of ______, ______, ______ and ______

A

glucose, glucuronic acid, galactosamine uronic acid, acetate

104
Q

______
• exhibits selective permeability

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane

105
Q

______
• controls the movement of ions and organic molecules in and out of cells

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane

106
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane
• composed of bilayer of ______, a ______ (fatty acids) and a ______ that can interact with water due to the presence of a ______ group which is ______.

A

lipids, hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head, phosphate, polar

107
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane
• contains ______ (for eukaryotes) and ______ (for prokaryotes) that function as ______ and it also enables the cell membrane to be ______.

A

sterols, hopanoids, stabilizers, flexible

108
Q

Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane
• ______ or ______ barrier

A

Osmotic, permeability

109
Q

Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane
• Location of transport systems for specific ______ (______ and ______)

A

solutes, nutrients, ions

110
Q

Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane
• Energy generating functions, Involving ______ and ______ electron transport systems, establishment of ______, and ______, ATP-synthesizing ______

A

respiratory, photosynthetic, proton motive force, transmembranous, ATPase

111
Q

Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane
• Synthesis of membrane ______ (including ______ in ______ cells)

A

lipids, lipopolysaccharide, Gram-negative

112
Q

Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane
• Synthesis of ______ (cell wall ______)

A

murein, peptidoglycan

113
Q

Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane
• Assembly and secretion of ______

A

extracytoplasmic proteins

114
Q

Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane
• Location of specialized ______ system

115
Q

Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane
• Coordination of DNA ______ and ______ with ______ formation and ______

A

replication, segregation, septum, cell division

116
Q

Functions of a prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane
• ______ (both motility per se and sensing function)

A

Chemotaxis

117
Q

Basic Types of Microbial Cells

Prokaryotes
• are evolutionarily ______

2A Microbiology Midterms (3 decks)

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