Other Bodily Fluids Flashcards
Performed to screen diabetes and to determine the glucose level for patients who are already diabetic.
Urine Glucose and Ketone Testing
Cause of bleach odor of urine
Contamination
Fasting, 1/2 hour or 1 hour
Tolerance Test (glucose)
Waiting time of approximately 30 minutes after emptying the bladder
Double-voided
A second morning or second specimen voided after fasting (glucose monitoring)
Fasting
Purpose of Suprapubic Aspiration urine
Bladder urine for bacterial culture
Cytology
Urine of patient is collected from a sterile catheter inserted through the urethra into the bladder
Catheterized
Performed to detect illicit use of drugs, use of anabolic steroids to enhance performance in sports and unwarranted use of prescription drugs.
Urine Drug Testing
10 and 15 mL is centrifuged in a conical tube
Specimen Volume
Collection and pooling of all urine that is voided in 24 hours
24-hour
Cause of mousy odor of urine
Phenylketonuria
Presence of melanin or homogentisic acid, levodopa, methyldopa, phenol derivatives, and metronidazole (Flagyl).
Brown or black urine
Collected at specific times or pooled throughout a specific time
Timed
Cause of foul, ammonia-like odor of urine
Bacterial decomposition, UTI
Urine of patient is collected by inserting needled directly into bladder and aspirating the urine by the use of a sterile syringe
Suprapubic Aspiration
The most routinely used method of preservation is refrigeration at
2°C to 8°C
Refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen
Urine Clarity
Presence of the abnormal pigment bilirubin.
Dark yellow or amber urine
Glomerular bleeding
Brown urine containing blood
Cause of fruity-sweet odor of urine
Ketone (diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting)
Collected immediately upon waking up from 8-hour sleep
First morning / 8-hour urine specimen
Urine Preservatives
Refrigeration
Boric acid
Formalin (Formaldehyde)
Sodium fluoride
Requested by the physician to detect cancer, cytomegalovirus and other viral and inflammatory diseases in the urinary system.
Urine Cytology Studies
Reasons for Rejecting Specimen
Specimens in unlabeled containers
Nonmatching labels and requisition forms
Specimens contaminated with feces or toilet paper
Containers with contaminated exteriors
Specimens of insufficient quantity
Specimens that have been improperly transported
Purpose of Midstream clean-catch urine
Routine screening
Bacterial culture
Common terminology used to report clarity of urine
Clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, and milky
Normal color of urine
Pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow and
amber
Composition of Urine
95% water, 5% solutes
Two hours after a meal
2-hour postprandial
The patient voids or urinates into a clean container
Regular voided
Detect the presence of prostatitis.
Three Glass Collection
Cause of sweaty feet odor of urine
Isovaleric acidemia
Bacterial infections, including urinary tract infection by Pseudomonas species and intestinal tract infections resulting in increased urinary indican.
Blue / green urine
Cause of cabbage odor of urine
Methionine malabsorption
Administration of phenazopyridine (Pyridium) or azo-gantrisin compounds to persons with urinary tract infections.
Yellow-orange urine
Reagent strips must be checked with both positive and negative controls a minimum of once every 24 hours.
Special cleaning is performed on the genital area of the patient before collection
Midstream clean-catch
Sediment should remain in the tube after decantation. Sediment must be thoroughly resuspended by gentle agitation
Sediment Preparation
Range of 600-2000 mL is considered normal
Requested if the patient has symptoms of UTI
Urine Culture and Sensitivity
Cause of rancid odor of urine
Tyrosinemia
Consists of urea and other organic and inorganic chemicals dissolved in water.
Urine
Recommended capacity of the container
50 mL
Frequently ordered urine test screens the patient for any urinary or systematic orders.
Routine Urinalysis
Consist of chemical-impregnated absorbent pads attached to a plastic strip. Used for chemical analysis of urine including pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocytes, and specific gravity
Reagent Strips
Freshly voided urine odor
Faint aromatic odor
Purpose of First morning urine specimen
Routine screening
Pregnancy Tests
Orthostatic protein
Used to determine if the patient is suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis
Urine Ketone Level Test
Factors that influence urine volume includes:
Fluid intake
Variations in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Need to excrete increased amount of dissolved solids (glucose and salts)
Purpose of 24-hour or timed urine specimen
Quantitative chemical test
Aromatic odor of urine
Normal condition
Normal daily urine output
1200-1500 mL
mL of specimen needed for microscopic analysis
12 mL
Specimens should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within 2 hours.
Specimen Integrity
Purpose of Random urine specimen
Routine screening
Urine is collected in plastic bag and checked every 15 minutes until the required volume is collected
Pediatric
Collected at any time (type of urine specimen)
Random
Cause of maple syrup odor of urine
Maple syrup urine disease
Purpose of Catheterized urine specimen
Bacterial culture
The patient voids or urinates into the toilet first, interrupts the urination and restarts into the container
Midstream
Should be examined while fresh or adequately preserved.
Specimen Preparation
Presence of blood
Red urine
5 minutes at a relative centrifugal force (RCF) of 400. All specimens must be centrifuged in capped tubes.
Centrifugation
Yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of a pigment
Urochrome
Color of urine varies from almost colorless to black. variations may be due to normal metabolic functions, physical activity, ingested materials or pathologic conditions.
