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Question 1

1st part of necropsy

Answer 1

1. Weigh animal and perform external exam.
2. Remove eyes, view fundus under water,andcollect.
3. Place animal in left lateral recumbency. Make a ventral midline incision extending into axillary and inguinal areas to reflect limbs. Extend the incision
   rostrally to the mandibular symphysis.
4. Open and examine coxofemoral joints.
   5.Dissect/Examine,Section,and Collect:
   * Skin (include nipple and mammary gland)
   * Salivary gland
   * Mandibular lymph node
   * Testes (if intact).
5. Open and examine stifle joints (both femorotibial and femoropatellarjoints) and collect one patella. Open and examine scapulohumeral and elbow joints.
6. Dissect/Examine,Section,and Collect:
   * Skeletal muscle
   * Sciatic nerve
   * Bone marrow (see if marrow floats in water).
7. Open peritoneum (ventral midline and laterally along costocaudal margins),
   puncture diaphragm and cut away from ribcage, remove ventral ribcage (cut ribs bilaterally and strip muscles from ventral trachea), and open pericardium.
8. Collect microbiological samples if needed. Examine organs and vessels in situ.
   10.Stop to discuss case with Pathologists
   11.Dissect/Examine, Section, and Collect:
   * Diaphragm
   * Thyroid and parathyroid glands
   * Adrenal glands (section longitudinally with new scalpel blade).

Question 2

what parts to collect when getting body open

Answer 2

Eyes
Skin (include nipple and mammary gland)
* Salivary gland
* Mandibular lymph node
* Testes (if intact).
collect one patella
Skeletal muscle
* Sciatic nerve
* Bone marrow (see if marrow floats in water).
* Diaphragm
* Thyroid and parathyroid glands
* Adrenal glands (section longitudinally with new scalpel blade).

Question 3

parts of throacic pluck

Answer 3

1. Collect vagus and phrenic nerves,if indicated.
2. Remove tongue ventrally, **collect tonsils **and reflect tongue, tonsils, larynxand esophagus caudally.
3. Remove tongue, esophagus, trachea, lungs, heart, and thoracic aorta as a unit.
4. Dissect/Examine,Section,andCollect:
   * Tongue (serially section)
   * Larynx (dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscles)
   * Esophagus and trachea
   * Thymus (if present).
5. Heart:
   * Right atrium  right ventricle (“V”)  follow pulmonary arteries  separate heart and major vessels from lungs.
   * Left atrium  left ventricle (“T”)  thoracic aorta.
   * Remove all major vessels, then examine and weigh heart.
   * Collect 3 sections (right and left free walls and interventricular septum) for
   large dogs; and whole heart for cats and small dogs.
6. Lungs:
   * Serially section and collect one sample from each lobe (see if sections float in formalin).

Question 4

what to collect from thorax

Answer 4

• Collect vagus and phrenic nerves
• tonsils
• Tongue (serially section)
• Larynx (dorsal cricoarytenoideus muscles)
• Esophagus and trachea
• Thymus (if present).
• right and left free walls and interventricular septum or whole heart for cat or small dog
• piece from each lung lobe

Question 5

steps of abdominal

Answer 5

1. Examine portal vein as it enters the liver.
2. Remove distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and mesenteric lymph
   nodes as a unit by stripping from mesentery. Transect colon at pelvic inlet and duodenum at distal end of pancreas.
3. Remove liver, duodenum, pancreas, stomach, and spleen as a unit.
4. Remove spleen, serially section, and collect.
5. Stomach and duodenum:
   * Open stomach starting from esophagus, extending along greater curvature, and out proximal duodenum.
   * Express gallbladder to determine patency, then open gallbladder.
   * Separate stomach, duodenum, and pancreas from liver.
   * Dissect/Examine, Section, and Collect:
   * Duodenum (with right limb of pancreas)
   * Pancreas (left limb)
   * Stomach (fundus and pyloric antrum).
6. Liver:
   * Examine and weigh liver.
   * Serially section liver and collect one sample from each lobe.
7. Small and large intestines (open last unless critical):
   * Open the lumen (“run the bowel”).
   * Collect ileo-ceco-colic junction with adjacent mesenteric lymph nodes.
   * Collect 3 representative sections of small intestine.
   * Gently rinse remainder of intestine in water and examine the mucosa.

Question 6

what parts to collect from abdomen

Answer 6

• spleen
• stomach (fundus and pyloric antrum)
• duodenum and right limb of pancreas
• pancreas (left limb)
• liver from each lobe
• ileo-ceco-colic junction with mesenteric lymph nodes
• 3 sections from small intestine

Question 7

steps of caudal abdomen

Answer 7

1. Remove floor of pelvis.
2. Kidneys:
   * Examine kidneys and ureters in situ. Open each kidney longitudinally, examine pelvis, and remove capsule to examine cortical surface. Examine and palpate ureters, and follow ureters if suspect disease (hydronephrosis/hydroureter).
   * Serially section and collect transverse sections of each kidney (include cortex, medulla, and papilla).
3. Urinary bladder:
   * Open from apex, through trigone, and out urethra.
   * Examine urinary bladder and collect trigone.
4. Genital tract:
   * Serially section and collect prostate gland with prostatic urethra.
   * Open and collect uterus and ovaries (if intact) (in cats and small dogs
   collect whole uterus with ovaries attached; in larger dogs collect 3 sections: right and left uterine horns with ovaries attached, and uterine body).
   * Open and examine cervix and vagina.
5. Remove distal colon, rectum, anus, and anal sacs as a unit.
   * Open colon, rectum, anus and anal sacs.
   * Collect rectum and anus with anal sacs.
6. Isolate abdominal aorta, open, and collect from the level of the kidney through the bifurcation.

Question 8

what to collect caudal abdomen

Answer 8

• each kidney (include cortex, medulla, papilla)
• urinary bladder trigone
• prostate gland and prostatic urethra
• uterus and ovaries
• rectum and anus with anal sacs
• abdominal aorta at bifuraction

Question 9

steps of brain/skull

Answer 9

1. Disarticulate skull from vertebral column and transect spinal cord at atlanto- occipital joint.
2. Open tympanic bullae.
3. Remove skin and muscles from calvaria.
4. Cut calvaria with Stryker saw in hood and remove caudal-dorsal calvaria and dorsal meninges.
5. Transect cranial nerves to remove brain, examine, and collect whole.
6. Collect pituitary gland.
7. Section head longitudinally with band saw(to be done by the pathology resident).
8. Remove nasal septum and examine nasal and oral cavities.

Question 10

parts to collect in brian and skull

Answer 10

whole brain
pituitary gland

Question 11

What is the greatest thickness of tissue that should be collected in order to fix properly?

Answer 11

2 x 3 cm in size, and no greater than 6 mm thick (whole brain, spinal cord, and eyes being exceptions).

Question 12

List the 5 samples to collect for toxicology. How should these samples be stored?

Answer 12

• whole blood, liver, stomach contents, kidney, and urine are saved.
• sometimes brain, eye, fat

Blocks of tissues 10 x 5 x 4 cm (approx. 200 gm), 10 to 20 ml of blood and 50 to 100 ml of fluids are desirable. They may all be preserved by freezing in individual containers. Whole blood should be refrigerated if it will be submitted soon, however it can be frozen for long-term storage, although that may interfere with some tests.

Question 13

How much formalin should be used for a given sample?

Answer 13

For the preservation of tissues for routine histologic examination, 10% formalin is the most widely-used fixative

preservation of whole brains and intact spinal cords, 50% formalin

The volume of fixative employed should equal 10-20 times that of the tissue to be fixed; for whole brain fixation in 50% formalin, a volume of 10 times that of the brain is sufficient.

Question 14

what samples for virology

Answer 14

Tissues saved for virus isolation are collected aseptically,
and either refrigerated in a sterile container or immersed in sterile 50% buffered glycerol in sterile containers, and preserved by freezing.

Lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and brain are prime specimens. Sections need to be 5 x 5 x 10 mm in size.