Other

Question 1

Coal formations in increasing carbon percentage

Answer 1

Peat, lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite

Question 2

Carbonation definition

Answer 2

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with rainwater and pore water in the soil to form carbonic acid. This is most important in the weathering of limestone as carbon acid reacts with calcite. Limestone generally contains insoluble impurities which are left behind as clay residuals

Question 3

Carbonation word equation

Answer 3

Calcite + carbonic acid = calcium + hydrogen carbonate ions in solution

Question 4

Hydrolysis definition

Answer 4

Reaction between water and silicate minerals. Especially important for feldspars. Speeded up if water contains carbonic acid. Hydrogen ions from water and carbonic acid react with the minerals’ ions. Products include a residual clay mineral, silica, carbonate or bicarbonate in solution

Question 5

Evaporite sequence from least soluble

Answer 5

Calcite, gypsum, anhydrite, halite, k minerals

Question 6

Sites of deposition for placer minerals

Answer 6

Upstream of projection, Plunge pools, downstream of confluences, on beaches, meander bends

Question 7

Factors affecting p wave velocties

Answer 7

incompressibility, rigidity, -density

Question 8

Factors affecting s wave velocties

Answer 8

Incompressibility, -density

Question 9

Rayleigh waves

Answer 9

Vertical movement

Question 10

Love waves

Answer 10

Horizontal movement

Question 11

Formation of oil

Answer 11

-burial and partial decay to form sapropel
-Maturation to form kerogen and petroleum