Other Flashcards
What class of Drug is GTN Spray?
Nitrate
What is the MOA of GTN Spray?
-Releases nitric oxide (NO) causing smooth muscle to relax.
-Has relaxing effect of veins.
-Decreasing venous return to heart.
-Decreasing hearts workload.
-If taken in higher doses, arteries relax (decreasing 02 demand) reducing cramp.
What are the indications and side effects of GTN spray?
For: Angina
SE: Hypotension (reduced outflow causes Bradycardia).
What class of drug is Metformin in?
Biguanides
What is the MOA of metformin?
-Inhibits synthesis of new glucose.
-Decreases lipoprotein levels… which reverses hyperlipidaemia.
-Inhibits carb absorption post-meal.
-Increases specific cell sensitivity to insulin.
What does increases specific cell sensitivity to insulin mean?
Allows body to use glucose more effectively.
What is the word for synthesis of new glucose?
Gluconeogenesis
What class of drug is Ramipril?
ACE Inhibitor
What are ACE Inhibitors commonly used for?
Hypertension
What is the MOA of ACE Inhibitors?
-Inhibits formation of angiotensin II (angiotensin II is responsible for raising BP).
-This prevents vasoconstriction of small arteries and reduces the release of aldosterone.
-Low aldosterone leads to decreased ADH production (meaning water is excreted).
-Lowering blood volume.
What system do ACE Inhibitors affect?
RAAS System
As well as being used for hypertension, what condition can ACE Inhibitors be useful for, and why?
Angina- Lowered blood volume/ lowered BP means less workload for the heart.
Give 2 examples of Beta Blockers:
Antenolol and Bisoprolol
Regarding the case studies, what does Beta Blockers treat?
Angina and Hypertension
What type of Beta Blockers are Atenolol and Bisoprolol and why?
Cardio-specific- as they have a greater affinity to Beta-1 receptors.
What is the MOA of beta blockers?
-Utilises the RAAS System.
-Reduces renin secretion into the blood stream.
-Renin is responsible for raising BP.
-Reduced renin= thirst centre is not stimulated (Pt does not feel urge to hydrate) and production of ADH is down so more water excreted in the urine.
Name two contra-indications for Beta-Blockers:
Bradycardia- Beta Blockers slow HR (can become dangerously slow).
Hypotension- BP may drop dangerously low.
What class of drug is Apixiban?
New Generation Anti-Coagulant.
What is the MOA of Apixiban?
-It directly inhibits factor Xa.
-Factor Xa converts prothrombin into thrombin during the clotting cascade.
-Thrombin then causes the formation of fibrin, which is responsible for blood clotting.
-Inhibition of Xa= clotting cascade cannot take place.
What class of drug is Warfarin?
Coumarin anticoagualnt
What is Warfarin’s MOA?
-Blocks Vitamin K from forming active (clotting) factors.
-instead causes the production of inactive factors that cannot bind to calcium ions.
-If they cannot bind, no surface is available for coagulation.
Regarding the case studies, why would you prescribe anticoagulants?
Prophylaxis of cardiac and vascular pathologies.
Methotrexate MOA:
-Decreases cytokine production, stopping activation of T-cells and macrophages.
-Also decreases the function of osteoclasts and fibroblasts.
-These are all WBC… decreased WBC function means body is unable to attack itself.
Regarding the case studies, what si Methotrexate used for?
Lupus
Prednisolone drug class:
Glucocorticoid
What is the MOA of Prednisolone?
-Prevents the release of inflammatory mediators: prostaglandins and leukotrines.
-Also is an immunosuppressant as the drug enters the WBC to bind DNA in nucleus and inhibit the production of interleukins (also causes inflammatory response).
-This explains Prednisolones ability to reduce the activity of neutrophils and macrophages.
-A.K.A white blood cells have poor function.
