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PHARMACOLOGY > Other > Flashcards

Other Flashcards

1
Q

What class of Drug is GTN Spray?

A

Nitrate

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2
Q

What is the MOA of GTN Spray?

A

-Releases nitric oxide (NO) causing smooth muscle to relax.
-Has relaxing effect of veins.
-Decreasing venous return to heart.
-Decreasing hearts workload.

-If taken in higher doses, arteries relax (decreasing 02 demand) reducing cramp.

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3
Q

What are the indications and side effects of GTN spray?

A

For: Angina
SE: Hypotension (reduced outflow causes Bradycardia).

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4
Q

What class of drug is Metformin in?

A

Biguanides

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5
Q

What is the MOA of metformin?

A

-Inhibits synthesis of new glucose.
-Decreases lipoprotein levels… which reverses hyperlipidaemia.
-Inhibits carb absorption post-meal.
-Increases specific cell sensitivity to insulin.

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6
Q

What does increases specific cell sensitivity to insulin mean?

A

Allows body to use glucose more effectively.

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7
Q

What is the word for synthesis of new glucose?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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8
Q

What class of drug is Ramipril?

A

ACE Inhibitor

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9
Q

What are ACE Inhibitors commonly used for?

A

Hypertension

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10
Q

What is the MOA of ACE Inhibitors?

A

-Inhibits formation of angiotensin II (angiotensin II is responsible for raising BP).
-This prevents vasoconstriction of small arteries and reduces the release of aldosterone.
-Low aldosterone leads to decreased ADH production (meaning water is excreted).
-Lowering blood volume.

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11
Q

What system do ACE Inhibitors affect?

A

RAAS System

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12
Q

As well as being used for hypertension, what condition can ACE Inhibitors be useful for, and why?

A

Angina- Lowered blood volume/ lowered BP means less workload for the heart.

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13
Q

Give 2 examples of Beta Blockers:

A

Antenolol and Bisoprolol

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14
Q

Regarding the case studies, what does Beta Blockers treat?

A

Angina and Hypertension

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15
Q

What type of Beta Blockers are Atenolol and Bisoprolol and why?

A

Cardio-specific- as they have a greater affinity to Beta-1 receptors.

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16
Q

What is the MOA of beta blockers?

A

-Utilises the RAAS System.
-Reduces renin secretion into the blood stream.
-Renin is responsible for raising BP.
-Reduced renin= thirst centre is not stimulated (Pt does not feel urge to hydrate) and production of ADH is down so more water excreted in the urine.

17
Q

Name two contra-indications for Beta-Blockers:

A

Bradycardia- Beta Blockers slow HR (can become dangerously slow).
Hypotension- BP may drop dangerously low.

18
Q

What class of drug is Apixiban?

A

New Generation Anti-Coagulant.

19
Q

What is the MOA of Apixiban?

A

-It directly inhibits factor Xa.
-Factor Xa converts prothrombin into thrombin during the clotting cascade.
-Thrombin then causes the formation of fibrin, which is responsible for blood clotting.
-Inhibition of Xa= clotting cascade cannot take place.

20
Q

What class of drug is Warfarin?

A

Coumarin anticoagualnt

21
Q

What is Warfarin’s MOA?

A

-Blocks Vitamin K from forming active (clotting) factors.
-instead causes the production of inactive factors that cannot bind to calcium ions.
-If they cannot bind, no surface is available for coagulation.

22
Q

Regarding the case studies, why would you prescribe anticoagulants?

A

Prophylaxis of cardiac and vascular pathologies.

23
Q

Methotrexate MOA:

A

-Decreases cytokine production, stopping activation of T-cells and macrophages.
-Also decreases the function of osteoclasts and fibroblasts.
-These are all WBC… decreased WBC function means body is unable to attack itself.

24
Q

Regarding the case studies, what si Methotrexate used for?

A

Lupus

25
Q

Prednisolone drug class:

A

Glucocorticoid

26
Q

What is the MOA of Prednisolone?

A

-Prevents the release of inflammatory mediators: prostaglandins and leukotrines.
-Also is an immunosuppressant as the drug enters the WBC to bind DNA in nucleus and inhibit the production of interleukins (also causes inflammatory response).
-This explains Prednisolones ability to reduce the activity of neutrophils and macrophages.
-A.K.A white blood cells have poor function.

PHARMACOLOGY (3 decks)

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