other

Question 1

oral iron supplement side effects

Answer 1

constipation and/or diarrhoea

black or dark green stool

Question 2

unabsorbed iron present in the stool what colour

Answer 2

pale stool

Question 3

iron staining associated wth

Answer 3

IV iron intake

Question 4

A 25-year-old patient presents to his GP and says he has been feeling tired, sluggish and unable to concentrate at work recently. He looks pale and his hands are cool to touch. He mentions that he is a non-smoker, drinks very little and became a vegan last year. You suspect that he has iron deficiency anaemia and recommend iron supplements.

Why could this patient have developed anaemia?

Answer 4

Fe3+ is insoluble and must be converted into Fe2+ before it is absorbed

Iron is absorbed from the gut as Fe2+ and binds to ferritin intracellularly - does this still need simplifying and correcting

aem iron is more easily absorbed than non-haem iron

Question 5

what is non-heam is converted to what to be absorbed

Answer 5

gastric acid

Although the body is able to absorb non-haem iron as gastric acid and duodenal cytochrome B lead to the reduction of Fe3+ into Fe2+, the amount of iron absorbed via this method is often cannot allow for the sufficient absorption of iron. Vegetarians and vegans are therefore more at risk of IDA than meat-eaters.

Question 6

ferritin stores iron intracelluslry

Answer 6

Ferritin is used to store iron intracellularly, are used as a marker of iron stores and are reduced in IDA.

Question 7

branches of the coeliac trunk

Answer 7

Coeliac trunk branches:

Left Hand Side (LHS)

Left gastric
Hepatic
Splenic

Question 8

branch of splenic

Answer 8

pancreatic

Question 9

borders of calots triangle

Answer 9

Medial – common hepatic duct.
Inferior – cystic duct.
Superior – inferior surface of the liver.

Question 10

contents of calots triangle

Answer 10

Right hepatic artery – formed by the bifurcation of the proper hepatic artery into right and left branches.
Cystic artery – typically arises from the right hepatic artery and traverses the triangle to supply the gall bladder.
Lymph node of Lund – the first lymph node of the gallbladder.
Lymphatics

Question 11

gastroduodenal artery supplies what

Answer 11

Pylorus, proximal part of the duodenum, and indirectly to the pancreatic head (via the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries)

Question 12

what artery does the gasproduodenal artery arise from

Answer 12

Most commonly arises from the common hepatic artery

Question 13

duodenal ulcer presents with bleeding what does gastric ulcer present with

Answer 13

iron deficiency anaemia

Question 14

Cholate and chenodeoxycholate. primary bile salts are absorbed where

Answer 14

terminal ileum

Question 15

widest part of urethra

Answer 15

prostate

Question 16

widest part of urethra

The membranous urethra is the least distensible portion of the urethra. This is due to the fact that it is surrounded by the external sphincter.

Answer 16

prostate

Question 17

cause oh heart failure in COPD - hepatomegaly

Answer 17

cor pulmonale - right sided heart failure secondary to his COPD.

Question 18

what cells secrete gastric acid

Answer 18

parietal cells

Question 19

Howell- Jolly bodies
Pappenheimer bodies
Target cells
Irregular contracted erythrocytes

Answer 19

post splenectomy

Question 20

contents of porta hepatis

Answer 20

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Common hepatic duct

Question 21

cardiac tamponade is when fluid build up around the heart

what is becks triad

Answer 21

Cardiac tamponade	
Beck's triad: 
elevated venous pressure, 
reduced arterial pressure, reduced heart sounds.
Pulsus paradoxus
May occur with as little as 100ml blood