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PHAR1821 > OTC Treatments > Flashcards

OTC Treatments Flashcards

1
Q

What can you use to treat oily skin?

A

Wash twice daily with mild soap or soapless cleanser (pH balanced and low irritant)
Mainly affects face and scalp - t zone and upper back and chest (higher no. of sebaceous glands)

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2
Q

How do you treat mild dermatitis? (itchy inflammation of skin)

A 
Thick moisturiser applied at least twice a day
Itermittent corticosteroids (OTC strengths) - hydrocortisone
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3
Q

How do you treat scarring?

A

Silicon cream/sheets (for raised scars)

Antioxidant oils

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4
Q

Which UV radiation is most responsible for sunburn?

A

UVB radiation, as UVA penetrates deep into skin and UVC is blocked by the ozone layer. Broad spectrum sunscreens are best.

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5
Q

What do you use to treat stings and bites?

A

For non fatal bites - bufexamac, lignocaine, hydrocortisone, antihistamines (loratidine, cetirizine, diphenhydramine), anti-itch (crotamiton)

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6
Q

What are the target groups in skin health?

A 
Babies and children
Atopic and sensitive skin
Diabetic patients
Immunocompromised patients
Elderly patients
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7
Q

What are the observational differences between a bacterial and viral cold?

A

Viral often has a field effect, sore throat is usually viral, rhinitis.

Bacterial infections usually only infect single site. Children more likely to have a bacterial acute sore throat

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8
Q

What are the main symptoms of a flu?

A

Usually begins with a high fever (38 degrees or more)
Very sick and tired
Irritation in throat/lungs, dry cough, shivering, sweating, muscle aches

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9
Q

What can be used to treat a dry cough?

A

Cough suppressants:

Dextromethorphan, pholcodeine, codeine phosphate

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10
Q

What can be used to treat a chesty/productive cough?

A

Cough expectorants:
Guaifenesin, senega and ammonia

Mucolytics:
Bromhexine hydrochoride

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11
Q

What can be used to treat nasal conjestion?

A

Phenylephrine HCl, Pseudoephedrine, Oxymetazoline HCl, Tramazoline HCl, Xylometazoline HCl

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12
Q

What can be used to treat hayfever symptoms?

Runny nose, sneezing, watery/itchy eyes

A

Antihistamines (non sedating):
Loratidine, fexofenadine HCl, citirizine

Sedating:
Brompheniramine maleate, chlorpheniramine maleate, doxylamine succinate, promethazine HCl

Can be oral, nasal, ocular

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13
Q

Are fevers bad? Why? What do you treat them with if they are a child?

A
  • Fevers are not bad, as it indicates the immune system is doing its job. No treatment needed.
  • Paracetamol and ibuprofen are commonly used, but not always effective in normalising temperature. Use in children if it is greatly affecting child’s wellbeing and temperature is above 38.5
    Take off their clothes or dress them very lightly but not so they are cold
  • Hydration
  • Rest
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14
Q

What are the 3 P’s of pain treatment in children?

A

Play - distraction
Physical - sling, splint, cold pack, dressing, deep breaths
Pharmacological - paracetamol, ibuprofen (check weight) (only 1 drug necessary unless pain is moderate to seere)

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15
Q

When should you refer a child who has a fever?

A
  • Child less than 3 months
  • Looks very ill
  • Fever persisted past treatment for 48 hours
  • Stiff neck
  • Photophobia
  • Vomiting and wont drink
  • Rash
  • Difficulty breathing
  • If child has convulsions
  • Temperature over 40 degrees
  • Severe pain
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16
Q

What are some warning signs for high risk of serious illness in children with fever?

A
  • Pale/mottled/ashen/blue skin
  • No response to social cues
  • Does not wake or if roused does not stay awake
  • Weak, high pitched or continuous cry
  • Grunting
  • Tachypnoea (>60 breaths per minute)
  • Moderate or severe chest indrawing
  • Reduced skin turgor
  • Age >3 months with fever
  • Non-blanching rash
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17
Q

What are some signs of intermediate risk of serious illness in children?

A
  • Pallor skin
  • Not responding normally to social cues
  • No smile
  • Wakes only with prolonged stimulation
  • Decreased activity
  • Nasal flaring
  • Tachypnoea
  • Crackles in chest
  • Tachycardia
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Poor feeding
  • Reduced urine output
  • Age 3-6 months, temperature >39
  • Fever for >5 days
  • Rigors
  • Limb/joint swelling
18
Q

What is measles? Signs? Complications?

A

Highly contagious respiratory disease with all body rash - 14 day incubation
Initially runny nose and sore eyes, then macular rash that may become papular
Common complications involve otitis media, encephalitis, bronchopneumonia, brain damage
Vaccine

19
Q

What is rubella? Signs? Complications?

A

Highly contagious viral infection - initial rash at 4 days - pink macules which later spread - 14 day incubation
Main complication - birth defects if in early pregnancy
Vaccine

20
Q

What is chickenpox? Signs? Complications? Treatment?

A

Highly contagious viral infection
Rash starts as erythematous lesions then becomes vesicular then pustular
Can effect oral mucosa
Potentially dangerous in pregnancy and in immunodeficiency disorders
Treat with calamine for rash (antipruritic) and aciclovir (antiviral)
Can reoccur as shingles - smaller area of blisters
Vaccine

21
Q

What is roseola infantum? Signs? Complications?

A

Contagious viral infection with very high temperature (may be 40) that drops when red maculopapular rashes appear.
Convulsions may be a complication.

22
Q

What is mumps? Signs? Complications?

A

Contagious viral infection transmitted in fluid drops. Usually affects parotid salivary glands - swelling. Can affect brain, testes, ovaries, pancreas and complications involve encephalitis, deafness and sterility.
Resolves in around 10 days.
No treatment - prevent by vaccine

23
Q

What is meningitis? Signs? Complications?

A

Usually benign infection if viral - fairly common complication of viral infections.
when bacterial - fever and headache, vomiting. Serious: neck and back stiffness, photophobia, severe headache, drowsiness
Diarrhoea and/or rash may occur in meningococcal meningitis

24
Q

What does RICE stand for in first aid of sprains, strains and joint injuries?

A

Rest - avoid use for 48-72 hours
Ice - apply for 20 mins every 2 hours for first 48-72 hours
Compresssion - firm elastic bandage
Elevation - above heart

25
Q

What are the drawbacks of NSAIDS?

A

Short term treatment only
Drug/disease interactions - antihypertensives, anticoagulants, antidiabetic agents, heart failure medications
Can’t target specific part of the body (oral) - Topical can be used as they can also be safer, but are less effective.

26
Q

What are the main symptoms of dehydration?

A 
Dark and low urine
Dry lips, eyes, tongue
Lethargy
5-10% weight loss
Sunken eyes
Sunken fontanelle
Loss of skin rigidity
Rapid pulse
27
Q

What can be done to treat diarrhoea?

A

Oral rehydration salts (ORS) to replace lost water and minerals
Loperamide (anti-motility) - contraindicated in ulcerative colitis and intestinal blockage

28
Q

What are some causes of diarrhoea?

A 
Pathogenic
Alcohol
IBD and other GI disorders
Food intolerance/allergies
Medicines - antibiotics, antacids, NSAIDS, SSRIs, Statins
29
Q

What are some causes of constipation?

A 
Low fibre diet
Lack of physical activity
Medications
GI disorders and/or inflammation
Ignoring urge to poop
30
Q

What can be done to non-pharmacologically treat constipation?

A

Increase fibre and fluid - fruits, veggies, legumes, seeds/nuts, wholegrain breads etc.
Exercise

31
Q

What pharmacological treatments can be used to treat constipation?

A

Fibre laxatives (bulk forming) e.g. metamucil
Osmotic laxatives - Polyethylene glycol
Stimulant laxatives - Senna (with coloxyl)
Lubricant suppositories - Glycerol/glycerin
Osmotic enemas

32
Q

What is dyspepsia/indigestion?

A

Upper abdominal pain or discomfort often associated with eating - common

33
Q

What are alarming symptoms for dyspepsia/indigestion?

A 
Pain or difficulty when swallowing
GI bleeding
Vomiting
Unexplained weight loss
Recent onset
Severe symptoms
Old age
Not responding to treatment
34
Q

What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)?

A

Reflux of stomach contents into oesophagus - when lower oesophageal sphincter not functioning correctly, allowing contents to splash back. Typical symptoms are heartburn and regurgitation

35
Q

What drugs can be used to neutralise/inhibit stomach acid secretion?

A

Antacids - Aluminium and Magnesium hydroxide
H2 antagonists - famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine
PPIs - omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole

36
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of worms? When to refer?

A 
Perianal itching - especially at night
Feeling mildly unwell
Reduced appetite
Reduced sleep - fatigued and irritable
Visible worms/eggs

Refer if severe pain, nausea & vomiting, low energy, skin infection from scratching, treatment not working

37
Q

What can be used to treat worms?

A

Pyrantel (safest and well tolerated) - treat whole family

General hygeine, wash all sheets and sleepwear, clean toilet seat

38
Q

What can be used to treat head lice?

A

Dimethicone - only treat individual and others affected
Wet comb day after treatment and weekly to check if successful
Wash pillow cases, and wash combs and brushes in hot water

39
Q

What is scabies? symptoms? When to refer?

A

Parasite - usually in folds of skin. Involves intense itching (especially at night), erythema, papules, modules, burrow tracks, scales or blisters.
Refer when broken skin and signs of infection, symptoms are severe and extensive, institutional outbreak (e.g. nursing home).

40
Q

What can be used to treat scabies?

A

Permethrin - apply to dry skin from chin down.

Treat household and sexual contacts

PHAR1821 (4 decks)

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