Ostergren Cog. Aspects

Question 1

What are the 4 may broad areas of mental functioning that may be impacted by TBI?

Answer 1

Attention, memory, executive function, social cognition

Question 2

What are the different types of attention?

Answer 2

Focused attention, sustained attention, selective attention, alternating attention, divided attention

Question 3

What is focused attention?

Answer 3

The ability to put attention (recognize and acknowledge) on any sensory stimuli ex: turning to a loud noise

Question 4

What is sustained attention?

Answer 4

The ability to maintain attention on sensory stimuli over a period of time

Question 5

What is selective attention?

Answer 5

The ability to filter out other stimuli both external (in the environment) and internal (emotions) and focus on specific chosen stimuli instead

Question 6

What is alternating attention?

Answer 6

The ability to alternate between multiple different tasks with different cognitive demands

Question 7

What is divided attention?

Answer 7

The ability to sustain attention on multiple tasks at the same time, which may just be rapidly altering attention

Question 8

What is the sensory selective attention system responsible for?

Answer 8

Responsible for orienting,
engaging, and disengaging
attention and object
recognition

Question 9

What is the selection and control system responsible for?

Answer 9

Responsible for selection
and control of responses,
involving intentional and
strategic control, switching,
and inhibition

Question 10

What affect does TBI typically have on informational processing speed?

Answer 10

Tends to slow down processing speed

Question 11

What typically slows down reaction time even more in individuals with TBI?

Answer 11

Tasks of increasing difficulty, circumstances with greater informational load, when fatigued

Question 12

What impact can slowed reaction time have on communication?

Answer 12

Delayed responses, difficulty understanding rapid speech, staying on topic, long pauses in discourse, difficulty making decisions

Question 13

What is encoding?

Answer 13

Information is analyzed and coded to memory.

Encoding involves the processes of initial analysis of information, such as encoding of phonological characteristics for ver- >
bal information or graphic representations
for visual information

Question 14

What are Wilson’s guidelines to improve the encoding process?

Answer 14

1) simplify the information 2)ask to remember 1 thing at a time (ex: single word)
3) make sure person understands the information (ex: ask to repeat back in own words)

4) attach to something in memory
5) small bits repeated over time
6) errorless learning

Question 15

What are the three components of memory?

Answer 15

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 16

What two processes can interfere with the storage of information?

Answer 16

Retroactive interference–interference due to information presented after new learning

Proactive interference–interference due to information presented before new learning

Question 17

What are the three types of memory?

Answer 17

short term, working memory, long term

Question 18

What is short term memory?

Answer 18

A few items (5-7) held in the mind for short periods ( a few seconds)

Question 19

What is working memory?

Answer 19

Lasts only a few seconds, mental scratch pad, used to help solve and figure out things (allows to manipulate info. that will be stored or retrieved

Question 20

What is long term memory?

Answer 20

Stored for long periods or permanently

Question 21

What are the types of memory as classified by the type of information recalled?

Answer 21

Declarative (explicit) memory– “what we know about things”. Includes semantic and episodic (personal events)

Nondeclarative –memory for “how to”. Includes procedural (motor skills) and primed memory (previous exposure to info)

Question 22

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 22

memory loss for
events immediately before a brain injury
are referred to as retrograde memory loss

Question 23

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 23

difficulty

forming new memories after the injury

Question 24

What is retrospective memory?

Answer 24

Retrospective memory refers to retention and recall of information about past experiences and events

Question 25

What is prospective memory?

Answer 25

Prospective memory refers to memory for
carrying out intentions, or “remembering to
remember”

Question 26

What are the components involved in executive function?

Answer 26

Initiation and drive, response inhibition, organization, task persistence, generative thinking, awareness and monitoring

Question 27

What are the different attention networks and what do they do?

Answer 27

Dorsal attentional network,

ventral attentional network

Question 28

What are the possible reasons for the attentional deficit seen in RHD?

Answer 28

Could be:

1) less attention available to use
2) need more attention for task than needed before the stroke, difficulty with judging how much they need