Ostergren Cog. Aspects Flashcards
What are the 4 may broad areas of mental functioning that may be impacted by TBI?
Attention, memory, executive function, social cognition
What are the different types of attention?
Focused attention, sustained attention, selective attention, alternating attention, divided attention
What is focused attention?
The ability to put attention (recognize and acknowledge) on any sensory stimuli ex: turning to a loud noise
What is sustained attention?
The ability to maintain attention on sensory stimuli over a period of time
What is selective attention?
The ability to filter out other stimuli both external (in the environment) and internal (emotions) and focus on specific chosen stimuli instead
What is alternating attention?
The ability to alternate between multiple different tasks with different cognitive demands
What is divided attention?
The ability to sustain attention on multiple tasks at the same time, which may just be rapidly altering attention
What is the sensory selective attention system responsible for?
Responsible for orienting,
engaging, and disengaging
attention and object
recognition
What is the selection and control system responsible for?
Responsible for selection and control of responses, involving intentional and strategic control, switching, and inhibition
What affect does TBI typically have on informational processing speed?
Tends to slow down processing speed
What typically slows down reaction time even more in individuals with TBI?
Tasks of increasing difficulty, circumstances with greater informational load, when fatigued
What impact can slowed reaction time have on communication?
Delayed responses, difficulty understanding rapid speech, staying on topic, long pauses in discourse, difficulty making decisions
What is encoding?
Information is analyzed and coded to memory.
Encoding involves the processes of initial analysis of information, such as encoding of phonological characteristics for ver- >
bal information or graphic representations
for visual information
What are Wilson’s guidelines to improve the encoding process?
1) simplify the information 2)ask to remember 1 thing at a time (ex: single word)
3) make sure person understands the information (ex: ask to repeat back in own words)
4) attach to something in memory
5) small bits repeated over time
6) errorless learning
What are the three components of memory?
Encoding, storage, retrieval
What two processes can interfere with the storage of information?
Retroactive interference–interference due to information presented after new learning
Proactive interference–interference due to information presented before new learning
What are the three types of memory?
short term, working memory, long term
What is short term memory?
A few items (5-7) held in the mind for short periods ( a few seconds)
What is working memory?
Lasts only a few seconds, mental scratch pad, used to help solve and figure out things (allows to manipulate info. that will be stored or retrieved
What is long term memory?
Stored for long periods or permanently
What are the types of memory as classified by the type of information recalled?
Declarative (explicit) memory– “what we know about things”. Includes semantic and episodic (personal events)
Nondeclarative –memory for “how to”. Includes procedural (motor skills) and primed memory (previous exposure to info)
Retrograde amnesia
memory loss for
events immediately before a brain injury
are referred to as retrograde memory loss
Anterograde amnesia
difficulty
forming new memories after the injury
What is retrospective memory?
Retrospective memory refers to retention and recall of information about past experiences and events
What is prospective memory?
Prospective memory refers to memory for
carrying out intentions, or “remembering to
remember”
What are the components involved in executive function?
Initiation and drive, response inhibition, organization, task persistence, generative thinking, awareness and monitoring
What are the different attention networks and what do they do?
Dorsal attentional network,
ventral attentional network
What are the possible reasons for the attentional deficit seen in RHD?
Could be:
1) less attention available to use
2) need more attention for task than needed before the stroke, difficulty with judging how much they need
