Osteoporosis

Question 1

What is it? 3

Answer 1

1. Disorder of decreased bone mass
2. Increase in porosity
3. Can be primary and secondary OP

Question 2

How does it happen 2

Answer 2

1. Osteoblasts - bone creation can’t keep up with osteoclasts- bone absorption
2. Peak bone mass is met at an average age of 20. Those who develop less bone mass prior to this time, have a high chance of developing osteoporosis.

Question 3

Symptoms 6

Answer 3

1. Back pain, caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra
2. Loss of height over time
3. A stooped posture
4. A bone that breaks much more easily than expected
5. Osteoporosis has no obvious symptoms in the early stages. A bone fracture is often the first sign
6. Fracture reoccurrence

Question 4

helpful diet 2

Answer 4

1. vitamin D
2. Calcium

Question 5

Exercises 3

Answer 5

1. Weight bearing - aerobic exercises (triggers hormones that produce bone building cells)
   - Walking, dancing, elliptical, stair climbing
2. Flexibility exercises
   Avoid flexion and side flexion of spine
3. Balance exercises - to prevent risk of falls

Question 6

Non Invasive 2

Answer 6

1. Bisphosphonates
   - Tablets that slow the rate that bone is broken down in your body
2. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators SERMs
   - are medicines that have a similar effect on bone as the hormone oestrogen. They help to maintain bone density and reduce the risk of fracture, particularly of the spine.

Question 7

Imaging

Answer 7

1. The most used BMD test is a densitometric technique called DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry),

Bone mineral density measured in T score
T <-2.5= osteoporosis
T<-1.5=osteopenia
T=1.0= normal- bone density where should be for your age

Question 8

T scores

Answer 8

Bone mineral density measured in T score
T <-2.5= osteoporosis
T<-1.5=osteopenia
T=1.0= normal- bone density where should be for your age

Question 9

Steroid use 2

Answer 9

1. glucocorticosteroid-induced osteoporosis is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis and the first cause in young people. Briot & Roux 2015
2. Corticosteroids reduce the body’s ability to absorb calcium, and increase how fast bone is broken down. The more of these drugs you take and the longer you take them, the greater the risk of developing osteoporosis.

Question 10

Population 9

Answer 10

1. Age 50+ ,more women
2. Nutrition- Low calcium diet
3. Current meds- chemotherapy drugs
4. Menstrual cycle - menopause- decreased production of oestrogen
5. Smoking
6. Low body weight
7. Lack of exercise
8. Low testosterone levels in men
9. Chronic inflammation due to rheumatoid arthritis

Question 11

Female Triad 3

Answer 11

osteoporosis
Disordered eating
Amenorreha - irregular menstrual cycle

Question 12

reference

Answer 12

The female to male ratio of occurrence is approximately 2:1
Ross 1997