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Disease Processes > Osteoperosis > Flashcards

Osteoperosis Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the purpose of bone?

A

Protects vital organs
Stores minerals (99% of calcium is in bone- 179 uses in the body)
Primary site for production of RBC & WBC
Support & Movement

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2
Q

What’s the trabecular bone & it’s density?

A

Mainly found at joints (epiphysis)

5-50% density

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3
Q

What’s the cortical bone and it’s density?

A

Mainly in diaphysis (shaft) but also cortical shell at epiphyses.
50-90% density

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4
Q

What is collagen?

A

Protein found in bone.
2/3 bone volume & 1/3 bone mass
Strong in tension

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5
Q

What’s the mineral uses in bone?

A

Attenuates X-rays

Strong in compression

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6
Q

How can bone strength be measured?

A 
DXA = duel-energy X-ray absorptiometry 
pQCT = peripheral quantitative computed tomography
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7
Q

What’s the advantage of DXA?

A

Cheap
Quick (5-10 minutes)
Applicable at fracture prone sites
Large reference databases

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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of DXA?

A

Can’t assess bone geometry

Influenced by body size

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9
Q

What are the advantages of using pQCT?

A

Can assess bone geometry

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10
Q

What’s the disadvantage of pQCT?

A

Can’t be applied at central sites

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11
Q

What’s osteopenia?

A

Where protein and mineral content of bone tissue is reduced but less severely than osteoporosis.

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12
Q

What’s osteoporosis?

A

Bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes or deficiency of minerals.

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13
Q

How many osteoporotic fractures occur in US each year?

A

> 2 million which costs $17 billion

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14
Q

What contributes to bone strength?

A

Mineralisation
Porosity
Collagen structure
Trabeculae- number/spacing/orientation

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15
Q

What’s the bone maximal strength at one time?

A

180MPa

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16
Q

What’s the maximal compressive stress on bone?

A

180MPa

130MPa when tensed

17
Q

What’s the function of osteoclasts?

A

Break down bone

18
Q

What’s the function of osteoblasts?

A

Generate collagen & mineralise osteoid (the unmineralised organic component of bone)

19
Q

What’s the function of osteocytes?

A

Control activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

20
Q

How does oestrogen have an effect on bone?

A

It reduces osteoblasts death but inhibits osteoblasts activity & proliferation.

21
Q

What happens when there’s low blood Ca2+ levels?

A

Parathyroid gland senses
Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Stimulates osteoclasts activity
Reabsorption of bone releases Ca into blood

22
Q

What’s happens when there is high blood Ca2+ levels?

A

Thyroid gland senses this
Secretes calcitonin
Hormone stimulates osteoblast activity
Formation of bone removes Ca from blood

23
Q

What’s the most common place for fractures?

A

Radial bone at the wrist
Femoral neck (hip bone)
Lumbar vertebrate

24
Q

What’s the process of bone making from connective tissues at 8 weeks called?

A

Ossification

25
Q

What’s the two different methods of ossification?

A

Intramembranous- forms bones of skull from fibrous membranes

Endochondral- replaces hyaline cartilage to form majority of bones other than skull.

26
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Covers epiphysis & diaphysis

27
Q

How does bone grow?

A

Cartilage Cells in growth plate divide pushing epiphysis away. Cartilage in epiphyseal plate adjacent to diaphysis is replaced by bone. Eventually plate disappears and E & D fuse.

28
Q

How much of adults Skelton can be replaced annually?

A

10%

29
Q

What are the two distinct stages of bone remodelling?

A

Bone reabsorption

Bone deposition

30
Q

List the factors influencing osteoporosis

A 
Age
Sex
Ethnicity
Genetics
Nutrition
Pregnancy/ lactation
Menopause
Body size
Disease
31
Q

What’s the diagnosis criteri for osteopetosis?

A

Bone mineral density 2.5 SD below average young

Disease Processes (14 decks)

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