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Disease Processes > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

How many different cells are in the body?

A
  1. All can give rise to cancer.
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2
Q

What is the most common cancer in humans?

A

Lung (40,000 in UK)

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3
Q

What is the most common cancer in females?

A

Breast (45,000 in UK)

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4
Q

What is the most common cancer in males?

A

Prostate (35,000 in UK)

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5
Q

What is the likelihood of developing cancer?

A

1 in 2

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6
Q

What are the main characteristics?

A

Uncontrollable growth- balance between division & differentiation disrupt AND balance between cell survival & apoptosis disrupt.
Lose sensitivity to contact inhibition growth- usually when form monolayer stop but cancer cells grow on top.
Invasion & metastasis common
Regarded as a disease of ageing

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7
Q

Define tumour

A

abnormal mass of cells, benign or malignant growth.

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8
Q

Define primary tumor

A

at initial growth site

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9
Q

Define secondary tumor

A

spreads to other tissues or organs

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10
Q

Define carcinogenesis

A

process by which normal cell transformed into malignant cell and divides to become cancer.

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11
Q

Define neoplasia

A

form of abnormal mass of proliferating cells possessing a significant degree of anatomy.

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12
Q

Define Anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation in neoplastic cell; seen as mass of pleomorphic primitive cells.

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13
Q

Define Aplasia

A

defective development resulting in absence of all or part of an organ or tissue.

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14
Q

Define metaplasia

A

One differentiated cell type changes into another mature differentiated cell type.

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15
Q

Define dysplasia

A

abnormal development, altering in size and shape of adult cell

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16
Q

Define hypoplasia

A

underdevelopment or incomplete development of tissue or organ

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17
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

cell response to specific stimulus, the proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond normal; may result in gross enlargement of organ due to increase in cell size (not cell number).

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18
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

An increase in size of organ due to increase in cell size without increase in cell number.

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19
Q

Define atrophy

A

decrease in size of organ caused by disease.

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20
Q

Define benign

A

a growth expansion remaining localised. Slower and similar to tissue of origin, nuclei normal, cells uniform, solid tumour surrounded by cap, hormone secretion, cured by adequate local excision.

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21
Q

Define malignant

A

A growth infiltrated and metastasised by lymphatic, blood vessels and across tissue spaces. Faster and different to tissues of origin. Nuclei enlarged, abnormal mitotic features, cells variable in shape and size. Inappropriate hormone secretion and not cured by excision.

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22
Q

What are the causes of cancer?

A

Age
lifestyle- smoking, alcohol, UV radiation
genetics
Nitrosamines (pickled food and fermented fish)
Radon

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23
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

mutated form of protoncogene, usually dominant.

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24
Q

What occurs is there is a point mutation in a protoncogene?

A

Normal amount of hyperactive protein

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25
Q

What occurs if there are multiple copies in protoncogenes?

A

Excessive amount of normal protein

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26
Q

What occurs if there is a translocation in a protoncogene?

A

Excessive amount of normal protein

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27
Q

What is HER-2/neu oncogene?

A

Encodes for CSR that can stimulate cell division. Amplified in up to 30% of human breast cancer.

28
Q

What is RAS oncogene?

A

Involved in kinase signalling pathways that control transcription of genes, regulate cell growth &a differentiation.

29
Q

What’s MVC oncogene?

A

Encodes transcription factor and controls expression of several genes.

30
Q

What does the P53 tumour suppressor do?

A 
A transcription factor that regulates cell division and cell death.
Guardian of genome 
DNA repair
Senescence (ageing cell)
Apoptosis
31
Q

What does the Rb tumour suppressor do?

A

Alters activity of transcription factors and controls cell division

32
Q

What does APC tumour suppressor do?

A

Controls availability of transcription factor.

33
Q

How long does it usually take for cancer to develop?

A

15-20 years

34
Q

What are the classifications of cancer?

A 
Teratoma
Carcinoma (90% of human cancers)
Sarcoma
Leukaemia 
Lymphoma
Blastoma
35
Q

What is a teratoma tumour?

A

“Monstrous”
3 germ layers
Ectoderm (skin), mesoderm (muscle) & endoderm (linings)

36
Q

What’s a carcinoma tumour?

A

Epithelial

E.g. Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma

37
Q

What’s a Sarcoma tumour?

A

Mesenchymal

38
Q

What’s Leukaemia?

A

Cancer of the blood

39
Q

What’s lymphoma?

A

Cancer of the lymphatic system

40
Q

What’s a blastoma tumour?

A

Precursor cells
Neuro blastoma (neuronal)
Myoblast (muscle)
Glioblastoma (glial Cells)- most aggressive brain tumour

41
Q

What’s the TNM staging?

A

T- relating to size (larger tumour = bigger #)
N- regional lymphnodes effected (N0-N2)
M- relates to presence of metastases (M0- M1)

42
Q

What’s the grading system?

A 
1- well differentiated 
2- moderately
3- poorly
4- undifferentiated 
Lower grade = better outcome
43
Q

How can you diagnose cancer?

A

Screening- Pap smear, PSA test, DRE (digital rectal exam)
Routine- X-rays, blood tests
Imaging- CT, MRI, PET, Ultrasound
Endoscopy- fibre optic scope
Surgical biopsy- histopathology, immunohistochemistry, histology.
Genetic testing- BRCA1, BRCA2

44
Q

How can cancer be treated?

A

Determined by aggressive, mortability, morbidity, cure rate.
Survival usually measured as 5 year with no occurrence.
Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, bone marrow transplant, hormone/gene/immuno therapy

45
Q

What occurs is there is a point mutation in a protoncogene?

A

Normal amount of hyperactive protein

46
Q

What occurs if there are multiple copies in protoncogenes?

A

Excessive amount of normal protein

47
Q

What occurs if there is a translocation in a protoncogene?

A

Excessive amount of normal protein

48
Q

What is HER-2/neu oncogene?

A

Encodes for CSR that can stimulate cell division. Amplified in up to 30% of human breast cancer.

49
Q

What is RAS oncogene?

A

Involved in kinase signalling pathways that control transcription of genes, regulate cell growth &a differentiation.

50
Q

What’s MVC oncogene?

A

Encodes transcription factor and controls expression of several genes.

51
Q

What does the P53 tumour suppressor do?

A 
A transcription factor that regulates cell division and cell death.
Guardian of genome 
DNA repair
Senescence (ageing cell)
Apoptosis
52
Q

What does the Rb tumour suppressor do?

A

Alters activity of transcription factors and controls cell division

53
Q

What does APC tumour suppressor do?

A

Controls availability of transcription factor.

54
Q

How long does it usually take for cancer to develop?

A

15-20 years

55
Q

What are the classifications of cancer?

A 
Teratoma
Carcinoma (90% of human cancers)
Sarcoma
Leukaemia 
Lymphoma
Blastoma
56
Q

What is a teratoma tumour?

A

“Monstrous”
3 germ layers
Ectoderm (skin), mesoderm (muscle) & endoderm (linings)

57
Q

What’s a carcinoma tumour?

A

Epithelial

E.g. Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma

58
Q

What’s a Sarcoma tumour?

A

Mesenchymal

59
Q

What’s Leukaemia?

A

Cancer of the blood

60
Q

What’s lymphoma?

A

Cancer of the lymphatic system

61
Q

What’s a blastoma tumour?

A

Precursor cells
Neuro blastoma (neuronal)
Myoblast (muscle)
Glioblastoma (glial Cells)- most aggressive brain tumour

62
Q

What’s the TNM staging?

A

T- relating to size (larger tumour = bigger #)
N- regional lymphnodes effected (N0-N2)
M- relates to presence of metastases (M0- M1)

63
Q

What’s the grading system?

A 
1- well differentiated 
2- moderately
3- poorly
4- undifferentiated 
Lower grade = better outcome
64
Q

How can you diagnose cancer?

A

Screening- Pap smear, PSA test, DRE (digital rectal exam)
Routine- X-rays, blood tests
Imaging- CT, MRI, PET, Ultrasound
Endoscopy- fibre optic scope
Surgical biopsy- histopathology, immunohistochemistry, histology.
Genetic testing- BRCA1, BRCA2

65
Q

How can cancer be treated?

A

Determined by aggressive, mortability, morbidity, cure rate.
Survival usually measured as 5 year with no occurrence.
Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, bone marrow transplant, hormone/gene/immuno therapy

Disease Processes (14 decks)

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