Osteology of the Thigh and Gluteal Region Flashcards
general aspects of the femur
- proximal extremity
- shaft
- distal extremity
femur articulates with
- os coxae (hip joint)
- patella (knee joint)
- tibia (knee joint)
internal architecture of the femur
has typical architecture of a long bone
central portion of the shaft of the femur is a
hollow cylinder of compact bone
extremities of the femur consist of what
a thin shell of compact bone (cortical bone) and a central core of spongy bone (cancellous bone)
the trabeculae of the spongy bone in the extremities are arranged to transmit weight from
the proximal extremity to the shaft
in the proximal extremity of the femur the trabeculae are arranged to transmit weight from
the head –> neck –> shaft
what is the calcar femorale
trabeculae that is very large and passes from the neck to the shaft beneath the lesser trochanter
angle of inclination
in the anatomical position the shaft of the femur is not vertical b/c the distal extremity moves towards the midline of the body
angle of inclination is the angle between
- the longitudinal axis of the shaft and the longitudinal axis of the neck
- angle varies with age, sex, and bony development
what is the angle of inclination at birth and as an adult
birth ~140
adult ~ 90-130
angle of femoral torsion (angle of declinaion or ante torsion)
angle represents the amount of medial (internal) rotation of the shaft of the femur
angle of femoral torsion is the angle between
the longitudinal axis of the neck and the bicondylar line
what is the angle of femoral torsion at birth and as an adult?
birth ~ 30
adult ~ 15-20
angle of anteversion
is the angle between the longitudinal axis of the neck and the frontal plane
what is the angle of anteversion at birth and as an adult
birth ~ 60 external
adult ~ 10 external
what does the proximal extremity of the femur consist of
- head
- neck
- greater trochanter
- lesser trochanter
the head of the femur articulates with
acetabulum
head of femur is mostly covered with
articular cartilage
oval depression of the head near the centre is called
fovea capitis femoris
neck of the femur connects what
the head to the shaft
the neck is rough for
ligamentous attachment
greater trochanter
quadrilateral projection at the lateral aspect of the junction of the neck and shaft
greater trochanter consists of what surfaces and borders
medial and lateral sufraces
anterior, posterior, superior and inferior borders
what surface of the GT contains the trochanteric or digital fossa?
medial surface
lesser trochanter extends
posteriorly and medially from the base of the neck
where is the tubercle of the femur located
at the junction of the intertrochanteric line and the anterior border or the greater trochanter
intertrochanteric crest courses from
the greater to the lesser trochanter on the posterior surface
where is the quadrate tubercle located?
at the midpoint of the intertrochanteric crest
intertrochanteric line courses from
the greater to the lesser trochanter on the anterior surface; it continues inferiorly on the shaft as the spiral line
describe the shaft of the femur
narrowest in the middle and flares at the proximal and distal extremity
the middle third of the shaft of the femur contains
- medial, lateral and posterior (line aspera) borders
- anterior, medial and lateral surfaces
the posterior border of the shaft of the femur splits into
the upper and lower thirds of the shaft to add a posterior surface
what is the name of the lower third posterior surface of the shaft of the femur
popliteal surface
medial lip
- extending inferiorly and ending at the adductor tubercle is the medial supracondylar line
- extending superiorly is the spiral line which continues superiorly to the intertrochanteric line
lateral lip
- extending inferiorly is the lateral supracondylar line
- extending superiorly is the gluteal tuberosity which ends at the inferior border of the greater trochanter
the gluteal tuberosity has a ____ and _____ lip
medial and lateral
if there is a tubercle in the proximal portion of the gluteal tuberosity it is called
the third trochanter
middle or intermeidal lip
- there is no inferior projection
- extending superiorly is the pectineal line
continuous line formed by
- the posterior border and its projections, and components of the proximal extremity
- Adductor tubercle > medial supracondylar line > medial lip of linea aspera > spiral line > intertrochanteric line > tubercle of femur > anterior border of greater trochanter > inferior border of greater trochanter > gluteal tuberosity > lateral lip of linea aspera > lateral supracondylar line
the distal extremity of the femur consists of
medial and lateral condyles
the distal ends of the condyles articulate with
the condyles of the tibia
the condyles are connected anteriorly by
the patellar (trochlear) surface
the condyles are separated posteriorly by
the intercondylar fossa or notch
medial condyle of the femur extends further
inferior than the lateral condyle
medial condyle of the femur contains
- medial epicondyle
- adductor tubercle
lateral condyle contains
lateral epicondyle
what type of bone is the os coxae
irregular shaped bone
what does the os coxae from
the bony pelvis with the sacrum and the os coxae from the contralateral side
the os coxae is formed by the union of the
ilium, ischium and pubis
acetabulum marks the point of
union of all 3 bones (ilium, ischium and pubis)
what is the acetabulum
a cup-shaped articular cavity located on the lateral side of the external surface
os coxae articular with
- opposite os coxae (pubic symphysis)
- sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
- femur (hip joint)
what is the obturator foramen
- a large opening that is surrounded by the ischium and pubis
- it is mostly closed over by an obturator membrane except for the obturator canal
in the skeleton the os coxae sits so that the junction between the true and false pelvis is angulated about – from the transverse plane
45’
the ilium forms the — portion of the os coxae
superior portion
the ilium is divided into a body and an ala by
the arcuate line internally and the upper border of the acetabulum externally
the body of the ilium contains what surfaces
femoral surface and pelvic surface
describe the femoral surface of the body of the ilium
- forms part of the lunate surface and acetabular fossa of the acetabulum
- iliopectineal eminence (iliopubic eminence) located at the junction of the body of the ilium and the lateral portion of the superior ramus of the pubis
ala of the ilium contains what surfaces
gluteal and pelvic surface
the gluteal surface of the ala contains what lines?
Posterior gluteal line.
Anterior gluteal line.
Inferior gluteal line.
the pelvic surface of the ilium contains
Iliac fossa.
Auricular surface.
Iliac tuberosity
describe the ala of the ilium
- crest of the ilium
- S-shaped and ends in the anterior superior iliac spine and the posterior superior iliac spine
- composed of an external, intermediate, and internal lip
anterior border of the ala contains
Anterior superior iliac spine.
Anterior inferior iliac spine.
Notch between the spines
posterior border of the ala contains
Posterior superior iliac spine.
Posterior inferior iliac spine.
Notch between the spines.
Beginning of the greater sciatic notch.
bruising of the crest of the ilium is a
hip pointer
use of the ASIS and the tip of the medial malleolus is used for
limb length measurements
what does the ischium form
the inferior portion of the os coxae
the ischium is divded into
a body and a rams
superior portion of the body of the ischium
Femoral surface: Forms part of the lunate surface and acetabular fossa of the acetabulum, and most of the acetabular notch.
Pelvic surface.
Posterior border: Contains the ischial spine, part of the greater sciatic notch, and the lesser sciatic notch.
Anterior border: Contains the obturator tubercle.
inferior portion of the body of he ilium
Anterior surface.
Pelvic surface.
Posterior surface: Contains the ischial tuberosity.
ramus of the ischium includes what borders and surfaces
Anterior surface.
Pelvic surface.
Medial border.
Lateral border.
what forms the ischiopubic ramus
-the ramus of the ischium and the inferior ramus of the pubis
the pubis forms what portion of the os coxae
anterior portion
the pubis is divided into
body
superior ramus
inferior ramus
body of pubis contains the following
- anterior surface
- pelvic surface
- superior surface
superior surface of the body of the pubis contains
Angle of the pubis. Crest of the pubis. Pubic tubercle. Initial part of the pectineal line. Medial border:
medial border of the body of the pubis forms
part of the pubic symphysis
inferior ramus of the pubis contains what surfaces and borders
Anterior surface.
Pelvic surface.
Medial border.
Lateral border
medial portion of the superior ramus contains what surfaces
- pectineal or superior surface
- pelvic surface
- obturator or inferior surface
pectineal or superior surface
bounded posteriorly by the pectineal line, and anteriorly by the obturator crest
obturator or inferior surface
contains the obturator groove
linea terminalis fromed by
- the crest of the pubis, pubic tubercle, pectineal line, and arcuate line
- marks the boundary between the true and false pelvis
lateral portion of the superior ramus contains
- femoral surface
- pelvis surface
femoral surface of the lateral portion of the pubis forms
part of the lunate surface and acetabular fossa of the acetabulum, and part of the acetabular notch
sacrum formed by
the fusion of the 5 sacral vertebrae
pelvis, anterior and ventral surface of the sacrum
- four transverse ridges
- four pairs of ventral or anterior sacral foramina
- sacral promontory
sacral promontory
anterior projecting edge of the first sacral vertebrae
posterior or dorsal surface contains
- median sacral crest
- sacral grooves
- intermediate sacral crests
- lateral sacral crests
- 4 pairs or dorsal or posterior sacral foramina
- sacral hiatus
- sacral cornu
median sacral crest formed by
the fused spinous processes and contains four tubercles (no 5th due to sacral hiatus)
sacral grooved formed by
the fused lamina
intermediate sacral crests
-formed by the fused articular processes and contains 4 tubercles (5th forms the sacral cornu)
lateral sacral crests
-formed by the fused transverse processes and contains 5 transverse tubercles
lateral surface of the sacrum contains
- auricular surface
- sacral tuberosity (actually a depression)
base of the sacrum contains
- body
- 2 ala
- articulates with the 5th lumbar vertebrae
apex of the sacrum articulates with
the coccyx