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Spinal Anatomy > Osteology Of The Sacrum, Coccyx, Ribs, And Sternum > Flashcards

Osteology Of The Sacrum, Coccyx, Ribs, And Sternum Flashcards

1
Q

Which joint links the sacrum to the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacroiliac joint

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2
Q

How many segments make up the sacrum?

A

5 fused segments

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the sacrum?

A

Specialized wedge-shaped structure is designed to transfer weight of the body through the pelvis to the lower extremity.

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4
Q

What kind of curvature do we see in the sacrum?

A

Kyphosis (primary) - concave anteriorly

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5
Q

What is the sacral promontory?

A

“Ridge-like prominence” found on the most anterior upper aspect of the body of S1

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6
Q

Which two parts make up the base of the sacrum?

A

Body of S1 and the ala

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7
Q

What are the transverse lines?

A

Lines of fusion of S1-S5

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8
Q

Where are the sacral foramina?

A

The anterior and posterior sides of the sacrum

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the anterior sacral foramina?

A

Allow ventral rami to exit (similar to IVF)

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the posterior sacral foramina?

A

Allow the dorsal rami to exit (like the IVF)

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11
Q

Describe the location of the intermediate sacral crest.

A

Just lateral to the median sacral crest, medial to the posterior sacral foramina

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12
Q

What is the intermediate sacral crest reminiscent of?

A

Z joints, fused.

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13
Q

What is the sacral hiatus?

A

Opening at the base of the sacrum, allowing for exit of the paired S5 and coccygeal nerves

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14
Q

Where do the sacral nerves exit?

A

S1-4, through the sacral foramina.

S5, through the sacral hiatus

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15
Q

What are the sacral cornu?

A

“Horns” guarding the sacral hiatus

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16
Q

Which sacral structure is most like the inferior articular processes?

A

Sacral cornu of S5

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17
Q

Where is the median sacral crest?

A

Directly in the middle of the sacrum, “mid-sagittal”

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18
Q

What is the median sacral crest reminiscent of?

A

SPs, fused.

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19
Q

What is the sacrum’s equivalent of the vertebral foramen?

A

Sacral canal

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20
Q

Which structure is housed by the sacral canal?

A

Cauda equina

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21
Q

Name the two parts of the pars lateralis.

A

Sacral tuberosity

Auricular surface

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22
Q

Describe the position of the lateral sacral crest.

A

Lateral to the sacral foramina, medial to the pars lateralis (serving as a border)

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23
Q

What is the sacral tuberosity?

A

Part of the pars lateralis, surface for ligament attachment

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24
Q

What is the function of the auricular surface?

A

Articular part, facet for articulation with the ilium.

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25
Q

Describe the shape and size of the auricular part.

A

Spans S1-3 segments. Ear-shaped and concave. Oriented lateral and slightly posterior

26
Q

What is lumbarization?

A

Congenital condition where S1 does not completely fuse to S2. Many clinical symptoms. IVD present, more likely to develop pathologies. Effects 2% of people

27
Q

How many parts make up the coccyx?

A

3-5 fused segments,

28
Q

Describe the position of the coccyx, relative to the sacrum.

A

Inferior to the apex of the sacrum

29
Q

Does the coccyx have intervertebral discs?

A

Generally, no. They are rudimentary at best.

30
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

Likely remnants of a tail. Currently nothing but a site for muscle attachment

31
Q

T/F

The coccyx lacks features of a typical vertebrae.

A

True. No vertebral arch or canal, TP, SP, articular processes, or intervertebral foramina.

32
Q

Name the three parts of the sternum, and describe their relative location.

A

Manubrium, the most superior part.
Body, inferior to the sternum and superior to the xiphoid process
Xiphoid process, most inferior part

33
Q

How many segments make up the sternum? What is the other name for these segments?

A

6 fused “sternebrae”

34
Q

What is the joint between the first and second segments of the sternum?

A

Manubriosternal joint

35
Q

There are two notches on the manubrium: give names and relative position.

A

Suprasternal (Jugular) Notch - on superior aspect of the manubrium, between the clavicular notches

Clavicular notch - on superiolateral aspect of the manubrium, on either side of the jugular notch. Serves as an articulation point for the clavicle.

36
Q

Describe the costal articulations of the manubrium.

A

Full facet for articulation with the rib 1 costal cartilage

Demifacet for partial articulation with the rib 2 costal cartilage

37
Q

What are the other names for the manubriosternal joint?

A

Sternal angle, angle of Louis

38
Q

Describe the features of the body of the sternum.

A

4 fused segments

Facets for articulation with costal cartilages of ribs 2-7

39
Q

Name the joint between the two most inferior aspects of the sternum.

A

Xiphisternal joint

40
Q

T/F

The xiphoid process may be bifid.

41
Q

Is the xiphoid process bone or cartilage?

A

Typically bone. May exist as cartilage in some.

42
Q

Are there costal articulations on the xiphoid process?

A

Sometimes, it can articulate with the costal cartilage of rib 7.

43
Q

What are the three types of ribs? Which are which?

A 
True Ribs (R1-7
False Ribs (R8-12)
Floating Ribs (R11-12)r
44
Q

T/F

The bony elements of the ribs directly articulate with the vertebra.

45
Q

T/F

The bony elements of the rib directly articulate with the sternum.

A

False - costal cartilages articulate

46
Q

What is the rib-vertebrae articulation rule?

A

Tn & Tn-1

AKA - vertebrae on the same level and one level above.

47
Q

Where would we find the costal groove on a typical rib?

A

Inferior surface, sharp ridge.

48
Q

The costal groove houses which structures?

A

Intercostal nn, aa, vv.

49
Q

Which end of the rib articulates with the T vertebrae?

50
Q

Which end of the rib articulates with the costal cartilages?

A

Distal end

51
Q

How many articulating parts does a typical rib have?

A

3

  • superior articular facet and inferior articular facet for T vertebrae, on head
  • articular facet for TP of vertebrae, on neck
52
Q

Which ribs do we consider to be atypical?

A

R1, 10, 11 ,12

53
Q

What is/ are the atypical feature(s) of R1?

A

One articular surface on head (T1 only)
Two grooves for vascular use
Curved

54
Q

There are two grooves on rib 1… What are they called and what are they for?

A

Anterior groove, houses subclavian v.

Posterior groove, houses subclavian a.

55
Q

What is/ are the atypical feature(s) of R10?

A

Only one articular surface on head (T10 only)

**Typically. May articulate T9-10 in some.

56
Q

What is/ are the atypical feature(s) of R11?

A

One articular surface on the head (T11 only)
Short, mostly straight
No neck or tubercle
No facet for TP articulation

57
Q

What is/ are the atypical feature(s) of R12?

A

One articular surface on the head (T12 only)
Short, mostly straight
No neck or tubercle
No facet for TP articulation

58
Q

T/F

The rib will usually fracture at the point of impact.

A

False - will fracture at its weakest point.

59
Q

What is a supernumerary rib?

A

Rare cervical or lumbar ribs!

60
Q

What are the problems with cervical supernumerary ribs?

A

Can compress neurovasculature

  • subclavian a.
  • brachial plexus
61
Q

What are the problems with lumbar supernumerary ribs?

A

Usually asymptomatic

Spinal Anatomy (6 decks)

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