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Spinal Anatomy > Osteology Of Occiput, Cervical & Thoracic Vertebrae > Flashcards

Osteology Of Occiput, Cervical & Thoracic Vertebrae Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three parts of the occipital bone

A

Basilar part, condylar (lateral) part, squamous part

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2
Q

Where would we find the basilar part of the occipital bone?

A

Anterior to the foremen magnum.

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3
Q

Where would we find the condylar part of the occipital bone?

A

Lateral to the occipital condyle and foramen magnum.

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4
Q

Where would we find the squamous part of the occipital bone?

A

Posterior to the foramen magnum.

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5
Q

What is the occipital condyle ?

A

A point of articulation for contact with the superior facets of C1.

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6
Q

Which structure allows for passage of the vertebral arteries, spinal cord, and meninges?

A

Foramen magnum (great hole).

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7
Q

Where would we find the alar tubercle?

A

On the medial aspect of the occipital condyle (little swelling on the wing).

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8
Q

T/F

The alar tubercle is a sight for attachment.

A

True, for the alar ligament.

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9
Q

There are four “lines”, some serve as muscle attachments, on the squamous part of the occipital bone - name them.

A

Highest (supreme) nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Inferior nuchal line
Median nuchal line

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10
Q

Which muscles attach on the supreme nuchal line?

A

None.

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11
Q

Which muscles attach on the superior nuchal line?

A

Trapezius, SCM, splenius capitis

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12
Q

What does EOP stand for?

A

External occipital protuberance.

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13
Q

Which muscles attach to the inferior nuchal line?

A

Rectus capitis posterior major and minor, obliques capitis superior.

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14
Q

Which muscles attach to the EOP?

A

Trapezius, nuchal ligament

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15
Q

Where is the median nuchal line?

A

Runs from the EOP to the base of the occipital bone, directly in the middle (median) of the head.

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16
Q

What motions occur at C1 and C2?

A

Rotation, flexion/extension, and lateral flexion (limited)

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17
Q

Which motions occur at C3-C7?

A

Flexion/extension, lateral flexion coupled with rotation (not separate motions).

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18
Q

Name the features of a typical cervical vertebrae.

A

Oval-shaped, small vertebral body
Triangular-shaped vertebral foramen
Bifid SPs & TPs
Transverse foramen

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19
Q

Which structures travel through the transverse foramen?

A

Vertebral artery and vein

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20
Q

At what level do the vertebral artery and vertebral vein enter and exit the transverse foramen?

A

Vertebral a. passes through C1-C6

Vertebral v. passes through C1-C7

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21
Q

Which two structures make up an uncovertebral joint, and where are they found?

A

Highest uncovertebral jt btw C2-C3, lowest at C6-C7.
Uncinate process, horn-shaped structures found on the superior aspect of the vertebral body.
Semilunar facet, two smooth articulating features found on the posterior aspect of the vertebral body.

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22
Q

Uncovertebral joint allows for which movements?

A

This joint is closest to a saddle joint.

Limits lateral flexion, guides movement in flexion-extension.

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23
Q

Describe the features of the superior articular facet of C3-C6.

A

Flat and oval.

Faces superior, posterior, and slightly medial.

24
Q

Which two structures make up a zygapophyseal joints?

A

Facets of the superior and inferior articular processes.

25
Q

Describe the features of the inferior articular facet of C3-C6.

A

Flat and oval.

Faces inferior, anterior, and slightly lateral.

26
Q

Which are the cervical vertebrae we consider “typical”?

A

C3-C6

27
Q

Which structures make up the articular pillar in the cervical region?

A

Superior articular process, inferior articular process, and pars interarticularis.

28
Q

Where might we find the articular pillar in the cervical region?

A

On either side of the spinous processes of one or multiple vertebrae arranged in a column.

29
Q

What is the characteristic feature of a typical cervical transverse process?

A

Bifid, consisting of an anterior and posterior tubercle.

30
Q

Where does the spinal nerve exit from the typical cervical vertebrae?

A

Through the IVFs.

31
Q

Where would you find the groove/gutter for spinal nerves in a typical cervical vertebrae?

A

In the transverse process of C3-C6, between the anterior and posterior tubercles.

32
Q

What are the characteristics of an IVF in a typical cervical vertebrae?

A

Inferior and superior vertebral notches are equal in size.

Directed obliquely - lateral, inferior and anterior.

33
Q

What are the borders of the IVF?

A 
Intervertebral disc
Adjacent vertebral bodies
Uncovertebral joints
Adjacent pedicles
Zygapophyseal joints
34
Q

What structure in the typical cervical vertebrae allows for the passage of the vertebral artery?

A

Transverse foramina.

35
Q

What are the atypical cervical vertebrae?

A

C1 (atlas), C2 (axis), C7

36
Q

Which typical cervical vertebrae characteristics are absent from the atlas?

A

Vertebral body
Pedicles
Lamina

37
Q

What is the defining feature of the axis?

A

The dens (“tooth”). Previously existed as the vertebral body of C1, but fuses as the dens sometime in vertebral development.

38
Q

On which vertebrae would we find the semilunar facets?

A

C2, C3, C4, C5, C6

39
Q

On which vertebrae would we find uncinate processes?

A

C3, C4, C5, C6, C7

40
Q

What is the vertebra prominens?

A

C7. The visible and easily palpable spinous process is evident when most people flex their neck (exists as T1 in some people).

41
Q

What is the carotid tubercle?

A

The anterior tubercle of the transverse process of C6

42
Q

What are the characteristics of a typical thoracic vertebrae?

A

Small, circular vertebral foramen
Heart-shaped vertebral body, medium sized and thicker posteriorly.
Costal facets
Long spinous process, slopes inferiorly

43
Q

By definition, which are the typical thoracic vertebrae?

A

T2-T8

44
Q

Describe the role of a demi-facet.

A

Provides a surface for articulation of the ribs. Demi-facets present on the thoracic vertebrae articulate with only half of a rib.

45
Q

What is a costovertebral joint?

A

The point of articulation between the head of a rib and the costal demifacets of the thoracic vertebrae.

46
Q

Where would we be able to palpate the spinous process of T3?

A

At a level 1-1.5 segments below, ~T4/T5

47
Q

What are the characteristics of a thoracic IVF?

A

Larger inferior vertebral notch
Smaller superior vertebral notch
Oriented laterally

48
Q

What is unique about the costal articulation at T1?

A

The superior costal facet is full - the head of the first rib articulates only with T1

49
Q

T/F

The vertebral body of T1 is heart-shaped.

A

False. It is mostly oval, like the cervical vertebrae.

50
Q

What is unique about the costal articulations at T9?

A

There is no inferior costal demifacet in 50% of people. Rib 10 articulates with T10.

In the other 50%, articulation is shared between T9 and T10

51
Q

What is unique about the costal articulation at T10?

A

There is a full costal facet for the 10th rib head in most people.

A demifacet would exist if the articulation was shared between T9-T10

52
Q

What is unique about the costal articulation at T11?

A

It has a full costal facet for the 11th rib head.

There is no transverse costal facet on the TP - no costotransverse joint

53
Q

T/F

The vertebral body of T11 is heart-shaped.

A

False. The body is large and kidney-shaped, lumbar-like.

54
Q

What are the characteristics of the spinous process of T11?

A

Short, thick, rectangular.

Similar to lumbar vertebrae, less slope.

55
Q

Name the features of the TP of T12.

A 
Superior tubercle (mammillary process)
Lateral tubercle (vestigial TP)
Inferior tubercle (accessory mammillary process)
56
Q

What is unique about the inferior articular facet of T12?

A

It faces lateral (~sagittal plane), which is typical of lumbar vertebrae.

57
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae have a full costal facet?

A

T1, T10, T11, T12

Spinal Anatomy (6 decks)

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