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CBS602 LL I: Hip, Thigh and Knee > Osteology, Joints & Ligaments of the Hip, Thigh and Knee > Flashcards

Osteology, Joints & Ligaments of the Hip, Thigh and Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 bones make up the bony pelvis or pelvic girdle?

A

Sacrum
Coccyx
Right hip/pelvic bone
Left hip/pelvic bone

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2
Q

What is the function of the bony pelvis in weight transmission?

A

It transmits the body’s weight from the vertebral column to the femur.

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3
Q

Which pelvic organs does the bony pelvis contain, protect, and support?

A

Bladder
Rectum
Anal canal
Reproductive tracts

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4
Q

How does the bony pelvis assist in lower limb and trunk movement?

A

It provides attachment points for the lower limbs and trunk muscles.

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5
Q

What role does the pelvis play in the external genitalia?

A

Anchors the roots of the external genitalia

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6
Q

What is the function of the sacroiliac joint?

A

It transfers weight from the sacrum to the hip bones.

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7
Q

What is the role of the lumbosacral joint?

A

It connects the lumbar spine to the sacrum, allowing for movement and weight transfer between the upper body and pelvis.

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8
Q

What type of joint is the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

It is a symphysis joint between the sacrum and coccyx.

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9
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

It is a secondary cartilaginous joint.

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10
Q

How does the pubic symphysis change during pregnancy?

A

It can soften and stretch, which may cause pain.

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11
Q

What is the subpubic angle?

A

It is the angle between the two pubic arches formed by the left and right ischiopubic rami.

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12
Q

What three bones make up the hip bones?

A

Illium, Ischium and Pubis

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13
Q

At what age do the three hip bones typically fuse at the acetabulum?

A

Between 16 and 18 years old.

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14
Q

What is the location and significance of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)?

A

It is located at the anterior end of the iliac crest and serves as an important landmark for muscle attachment and pelvic orientation.

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15
Q

What does the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) serve as an attachment point for?

A

It serves as an attachment point for the rectus femoris muscle.

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16
Q

What is the function of the ischial spine?

A

It serves as an important landmark for the attachment of ligaments and muscles and helps define the greater and lesser sciatic notches.

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17
Q

What is the ischial tuberosity known for?

A

It is known as the “sit bone,” providing support when sitting and serving as an attachment point for hamstring muscles.

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18
Q

Where is the superior pubic ramus located?

A

It extends from the pubic body to the acetabulum, contributing to the structure of the pelvis.

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19
Q

What is the significance of the ischiopubic ramus?

A

A: It connects the ischium to the pubis and forms part of the pelvic brim

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20
Q

What is the role of the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)?

A

It serves as a landmark for the posterior aspect of the pelvis and is a site for muscle attachment.

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21
Q

What does the posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) mark?

A

It marks the lower posterior portion of the ilium and is a point of attachment for ligaments.

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22
Q

What is the obturator foramen?

A

It is a large opening formed by the ischium and pubis that allows passage for nerves and blood vessels.

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23
Q

What anatomical feature is known as the iliac crest?

A

It is the upper border of the ilium and serves as an important site for muscle attachment.

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24
Q

What is the greater sciatic notch?

A

It is a large indentation in the ilium that allows passage for the sciatic nerve and other structures from the pelvis to the lower limb.

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25
Q

What is the lesser sciatic notch?

A

It is a smaller indentation below the greater sciatic notch, allowing passage for structures to the perineum.

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26
Q

What is the function of the iliac tubercle?

A

It serves as an attachment point for the iliotibial band, contributing to stability during walking.

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27
Q

Where is the pubic tubercle located and what is its significance?

A

It is located on the superior aspect of the pubis and serves as an attachment point for the inguinal ligament.

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28
Q

What does the obturator membrane cover?

A

It covers most of the obturator foramen, reducing size of
obturator foramen

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29
Q

Where does the sacrotuberous ligament run?

A

It runs between the sacrum and the ischial tuberosity

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30
Q

What is the function of the sacrospinous ligament?

A

It runs between the ischial spine and the sacrum and coccyx, stabilizing the pelvis and supporting the pelvic floor.

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31
Q

What is the role of the sacroiliac ligament?

A

It is a weight-bearing ligament that connects the sacrum to the iliac bones, helping to transmit forces from the upper body to the lower limbs.

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32
Q

Where is the ischial tuberosity located?

A

It is located on the inferior part of the ischium and serves as an important attachment point for ligaments and muscles.

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32
Q

What anatomical features do the ischial spine and sacrum connect via the sacrospinous ligament?

A

The ischial spine connects to the sacrum and coccyx through the sacrospinous ligament.

33
Q

What is the relationship between the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?

A

Both ligaments contribute to the stabilization of the pelvic region; the sacrotuberous ligament provides lateral stability, while the sacrospinous ligament provides support to the pelvic floor.

34
Q

What is the function of the greater sciatic foramen?

A

It serves as a route of communication between the pelvic cavity and the lower limb.

35
Q

What does the lesser sciatic foramen connect?

A

It connects the pelvic cavity with the perineum and gluteal region.

36
Q

What passes through the obturator canal?

A

The obturator nerve and vessels, which supply the thigh.

37
Q

What is the role of the obturator membrane?

A

It reduces the size of the obturator foramen, covering most of it.

38
Q

What are the main parts of the proximal femur?

A

Head
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Intertrochanteric crest

39
Q

Describe the head of the femur.

A

The head is a spherical structure that articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis, forming the hip joint.

40
Q

What is the neck of the femur?

A

The neck is the region just below the head, connecting the head to the shaft; it is angled to allow for a better range of motion at the hip.

41
Q

What is the significance of the greater trochanter?

A

The greater trochanter is a large bony prominence on the lateral side of the femur, serving as an important site for muscle attachment (e.g., gluteus medius, gluteus minimus)

42
Q

Where is the lesser trochanter located, and what is its function?

A

The lesser trochanter is located on the medial side of the femur, serving as the attachment point for the iliopsoas muscle, which is crucial for hip flexion.

43
Q

What is the intertrochanteric line?

A

The intertrochanteric line is a ridge that connects the greater and lesser trochanters on the anterior surface of the femur.

44
Q

What is the function of the intertrochanteric crest?

A

The intertrochanteric crest is a bony ridge on the posterior aspect of the femur, providing additional support and serving as an attachment point for muscles.

45
Q

What are the common clinical considerations related to the proximal femur?

A

Common issues include fractures (especially neck fractures in the elderly), osteonecrosis, and arthritis of the hip joint.

46
Q

What are the main parts of the distal femur?

A

Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Patellar surface
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Adductor tubercle
Lateral supracondylar line
Medial supracondylar line

47
Q

Describe the lateral condyle of the femur.

A

The lateral condyle is a rounded projection on the distal lateral aspect of the femur that articulates with the lateral tibial plateau.

48
Q

What is the function of the medial condyle?

A

The medial condyle is a rounded projection on the distal medial aspect of the femur that articulates with the medial tibial plateau, allowing for weight-bearing.

49
Q

What is the patellar surface?

A

The patellar surface (or patellar groove) is the smooth anterior surface between the condyles where the patella (kneecap) articulates with the femur.

50
Q

What is the significance of the intercondylar fossa?

A

The intercondylar fossa is a deep notch between the medial and lateral condyles that houses the cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL) and provides stability to the knee joint.

51
Q

Where are the lateral and medial epicondyles located?

A

The lateral epicondyle is a bony prominence on the lateral side of the femur, and the medial epicondyle is a similar prominence on the medial side, both serving as attachment sites for ligaments and muscles.

52
Q

What is the function of the adductor tubercle?

A

The adductor tubercle is a small bump on the medial epicondyle where the adductor magnus muscle attaches, aiding in thigh adduction.

53
Q

What do the lateral and medial supracondylar lines represent?

A

The lateral supracondylar line and medial supracondylar line are ridges that run downward from the respective epicondyles and serve as attachment sites for muscles and ligaments.

54
Q

What are the main parts of the patella?

A

Base
Apex
Lateral articular surface
Medial articular surface

55
Q

Describe the base of the patella.

A

The base is the superior portion of the patella where the quadriceps tendon attaches.

56
Q

What is the function of the apex of the patella?

A

The apex is the pointed inferior portion of the patella that connects to the patellar ligament.

57
Q

What is the role of the lateral and medial articular surfaces of the patella?

A

These surfaces articulate with the femoral condyles, allowing for smooth movement of the patella over the knee joint during flexion and extension.

58
Q

Describe the lateral and medial condyles of the tibia.

A

Both are rounded projections on the proximal end of the tibia that articulate with the femoral condyles, supporting weight-bearing activities.

59
Q

What are the main features of the proximal tibia?

A

Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar eminence
Tibial tuberosity
Lateral articular surface
Medial articular surface

60
Q

What is the intercondylar eminence?

A

The intercondylar eminence is a raised area between the condyles that serves as an attachment point for the ACL and PCL ligaments.

61
Q

What is the significance of the tibial tuberosity?

A

The tibial tuberosity is the prominent anterior projection where the patellar ligament attaches, allowing for knee extension.

62
Q

What are the lateral and medial articular surfaces on the proximal tibia?

A

These surfaces articulate with the lateral and medial femoral condyles, facilitating knee joint movement.

63
Q

What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?

A

The pubofemoral ligament stabilizes the hip joint by limiting excessive abduction and extension of the thigh.

64
Q

Where is the intertrochanteric line located, and what is its significance?

A

The intertrochanteric line is located on the anterior surface of the femur, connecting the greater and lesser trochanters, and serves as an attachment point for the iliofemoral ligament.

65
Q

What does the ischiofemoral ligament do?

A

The ischiofemoral ligament stabilizes the hip joint by reinforcing the posterior aspect and limiting hip extension.

66
Q

What is the role of the transverse acetabular ligament?

A

The transverse acetabular ligament spans the acetabular notch, contributing to the stability of the hip joint by completing the acetabular labrum.

67
Q

Describe the ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres)

A

The ligament of the head of the femur connects the acetabulum to the fovea of the femoral head, providing a conduit for the artery of the head of the femur.

68
Q

What is the artery of the head of the femur, and why is it important?

A

The artery of the head of the femur is a branch of the obturator artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur, crucial for maintaining its vascularity.

69
Q

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

The acetabular labrum is a fibrocartilaginous structure that deepens the acetabulum, increasing joint stability and providing cushioning for the hip joint.

70
Q

What is unique about the iliofemoral ligament?

A

The iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the body, providing significant support to the hip joint and limiting hyperextension of the thigh.

71
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint classified as?

A

The knee joint is classified as a modified hinge joint, consisting of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral components.

72
Q

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?

A

The ACL prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur and stabilizes the knee during rotation and forward movement.

73
Q

What role does the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) play in the knee joint?

A

The PCL prevents posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur and stabilizes the knee during flexion.

74
Q

Describe the function of the medial collateral ligament (MCL).

A

The MCL provides stability to the medial side of the knee and prevents excessive valgus (inward) movement of the knee.

75
Q

What is the role of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL)?

A

The LCL stabilizes the lateral side of the knee and prevents excessive varus (outward) movement.

76
Q

What is the significance of the meniscus in the knee joint?

A

The meniscus serves as a shock absorber, improves joint stability, and facilitates smooth movement by distributing weight across the knee.

77
Q

How is the medial meniscus connected to the knee joint?

A

The medial meniscus is attached to the medial collateral ligament (MCL), providing additional stability to the knee.

78
Q

What is the function of the popliteus muscle in relation to the knee joint?

A

The popliteus muscle “unlocks” the knee joint by initiating the first few degrees of tibial rotation, allowing for knee flexion.

79
Q
A

CBS602 LL I: Hip, Thigh and Knee (3 decks)

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