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Osteology > Osteology: Exam 1 > Flashcards

Osteology: Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Agonist

A

A muscle whose action is the primary mover in a muscle group.

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2
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle whose action counteracts that of another specified muscle.

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3
Q

Osteoclast

A

A large multinucleate bone cell that absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.

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4
Q

Osteoblasts

A

A cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation

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5
Q

Osteocytes

A

A bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.

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6
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

A proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses change in muscle tension. It lies at the origins and insertions of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle.

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7
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Stem cell that can undergo mitotic division and differentiate into an osteoblast. Located in the inner cellular level of the periosteum,endosteum, and lining osteonic canals.

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8
Q

Periosteum

A

A membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except the joints of the long bones.

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9
Q

Endosteum

A

A thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones.

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10
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Joint which permits very little or no movement under normal conditions. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous. (The upper cranial bones are an example of synarthrosis)

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11
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly moveable joint (ie pubic symphysis)

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12
Q

Diarthrosis

A

A freely moving joint. Also known as a synovial joint. Most movable joint and most common in the human body.

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13
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Joint disease that results from the breakdown of joint cartilage and under lying bone; typically caused by mechanical stress. It develops as cartilage is lost and underlying bone becomes affected.

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14
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Long-term auto immune disorder that primarily affects joints. Warm, swollen, painful joints. Most common in wrists and hands, worsens after rest. Involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors

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15
Q

Gouty Arthritis

A

Die to elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. At high levels uroc acid crystalizes and deposits in joints, tendons, and surrounding tissue resulting in extreme pain. Caused by diet and genetic factors.

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16
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Tough sickle-shaped tract of dura that partially separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain.

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17
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

A tough sheet of dura that roofs the posterior cranial fossa and takes the weight of the overlying cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

Dura mater

A

A thick membrane that is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord, and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid. Derived from the mesoderm. The other two layers are the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

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19
Q

Arachnoid villae and granulations

A

Small protrusions of the arachnoid mater through the dura mater. They protrude into the venous sinuses of the brain and allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to exit the sub arachnoid space and enter the blood stream.

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20
Q

Orthognathic

A

Evolutionarily speaking; flattened face. Opposite of prognathism.

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21
Q

Porion

A

The point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each external auditory meatus. It lies on the superior margin of the tragus.

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22
Q

Basion

A

Located at the midpoint on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum.

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23
Q

Alveolare

A

Bone of the mandible provides bony support for the teeth.

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24
Q

Sphenomaxillary angle

A

Angle between the most anterior point on the maxilla, the most anterior point on the sphenoid, and the most anterior point on the foramen magnum.

Aka: craniofacial angle

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25
Q

Superciliary arch (SCA)

A

Supraorbital torus divided into three regions:

Central glabellar swelling- protrudes anteriorly

Superciliary arch (SCA)- Medial portion of arch between glabella and super orbital notch.

Supraorbital trigone (SOT)- lateral portion between supraorbital notch and zygomaticofrontal suture.

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26
Q

Supraorbital trigone

A

Supraorbital torus divided into three regions:

Central glabellar swelling- protrudes anteriorly

Superciliary arch (SCA)- Medial portion of arch between glabella and super orbital notch.

Supraorbital trigone (SOT)- lateral portion between supraorbital notch and zygomaticofrontal suture.

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27
Q

Synergist

A

A substance, organ, or other agent that participates together.

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28
Q

The oculomotor nerve passes through:

A

Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

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29
Q

The optic nerve passes through:

A

The optic canal of the sphenoid

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30
Q

The medial pterygoid muscle maintains the mandibular condyles in the articular fossa:

A

False: the lateral pterygoid muscle maintains mandibular condyle in the articular fossa

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31
Q

Which joint or region can produce the Bennett shift?

A

Temporomandibular

32
Q

Periosteum is found in the medullary cavity of long bones

A

False; the periosteum is the thin outermost layer of long bones

33
Q

The mylohyoid and geniohyoid depress the hyoid bone.

A

False

34
Q

For muscle pairs the muscle performing the work is called the antagonist

A

False: the muscle performing the work is called the agonist

35
Q

The ophthalmic arteries pass through the:

A

Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

36
Q

What happens when both Lateral pterygoid muscles contract?

A

The ascending rami of the mandible or pulled to gather

37
Q

The falx cerebri is a fold of Dura matter that supports the cerebellum of the brain

A

False

38
Q

Osteoarthritis is caused by the overuse of joints which results in the deterioration of articular cartilage

A

True

39
Q

The sternocleidastoid Rotates the head to the same side as the muscle that flexes

A

False

40
Q

The hypoglossal canal is found on the

A

Occipital bone

41
Q

Osteoblasts are mature bone cells that are trapped within a lacuna

A

False: osteocytes are mature bone cells trapped with an a lacuna

42
Q

The uncinated Process is found on the

A

Cervical vertebra

43
Q

The most anterior osteometric landmark used to calculate the cranial facial angle is

A

Prosthion

44
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by the formation of uric acid crystals in the joints resulting inflammation and pain is very common in the big toe

A

False: gouty arthritis/ gout is uric acid crystals accumulation in the joints

45
Q

The lumbar curve of the spine is also referred to as kyphosis

A

False

46
Q

The superior orbital fissure is found on the:

A

Sphenoid

47
Q

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve passes through the:

A

Foramen ovale

48
Q

What structures are not found on the sphenoid?

A

Answers may very

49
Q

And amphiarthrosis is defined as a freely movable joint

A

False: a freely movable joint is called Diarthrosis or synovial joint

50
Q

Golgi tendon organs inhibit muscle contraction when they sense too much tendon stretch

A

True

51
Q

The digastric muscle can depress the mandible

A

True

52
Q

The elbow joint is an example of synathrosis

A

False

53
Q

The medial pterygoid muscle can retrude (displace posteriorly) the mandible

A

False: the medial pterygoid, temporalis, and masseter all elevator the mandible

54
Q

The stylohyoid muscle can retract the mandible

A

False

55
Q

Synergist are muscles that work together to perform movement

A

True

56
Q

Which of the below passes through the superior orbital fissure

A

All:

Ophthalmic, division of the trigeminal nerve, ophthalmic vein, trochlear nerve

57
Q

Which structures are found on the Temporal bone?

A

Answers may vary

The carotid canal

58
Q

Arachnoid villae arise from the pia mater of the brain

A

False

59
Q

The vagus nerve passes through the

A

Jugular Foramen

60
Q

Which group of muscle flexes and rotates the neck?

A

The scalenes

61
Q

The accessory nerve passes through the

A

Foramen magnum and jugular foramen

62
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve passes through the:

A

Internal auditory meatus

63
Q

Cranial nerve I Olfactory passes through

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid

64
Q

Cranial nerve II Optic passes through

A

Optic canal of the sphenoid

65
Q

Cranial nerve III oculomotor passes through

A

The superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

66
Q

Cranial nerve IV trochlear passes through

A

Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

67
Q

Cranial nerve V the trigeminal: ophthalmic division passes through

A

The superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

68
Q

Cranial nerve V trigeminal: mandibular division passes through

A

Foramen ovale of the sphenoid

69
Q

Cranial nerve VI abducens passes through

A

The superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid

70
Q

Cranial nerve VII facial passes through

A

The internal acoustic meatus of temporal then divides the branch that goes to muscle of face exits through stylomastoid foramen of temporal

71
Q

Cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear passes through

A

Internal Auditory meatus of the temporal

72
Q

Cranial nerve IX glossopharyngeal passes through

A

Jugular foramen of the temporal and occipital.

73
Q

Cranial nerve X Vagus passes through

A

Jugular foramen of temporal and occipital

74
Q

Cranial nerve XI accessory passes through

A

Part through jugular foramen and part foramen magnum of occipital

75
Q

Cranial nerve XII hypoglossal passes through

A

Through the hypoglossal canal of the occipital

Osteology (2 decks)

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