OSTEOLOGY- Cells, matrix, ossification, bone density, bone variation

Question 1

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

Answer 1

epithelial, muscle, neural, and connective tissue

Question 2

What is osteology?

Answer 2

the study of bone

Question 3

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

Answer 3

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Question 4

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 4

osteoblast - form bone
osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast - remodel bone

Question 5

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 5

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 6

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 6

glycosaminoglycans

Question 7

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominant in bone?

Answer 7

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid

Question 8

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 8

collagen type 1

Question 9

What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

Answer 9

calcium, phosphate, citrate and carbonate ions

Question 10

what is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

Answer 10

hydroxyapatite

Question 11

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 11

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium and radium

Question 12

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

Answer 12

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to various stressors

Question 13

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

Answer 13

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors, and to age

Question 14

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

Answer 14

mesenchyme and/or cartilage

Question 15

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 15

intramembranous ossification

Question 16

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 16

from the second to third month in utero

Question 17

hat part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 17

the skull

Question 18

which of the skull bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

Answer 18

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones and the greater wing of the sphenoid

Question 19

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is partially formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 19

the clavicle

Question 20

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 20

endochondral ossification

Question 21

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 21

from the second to fifth month in utero

Question 22

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

Answer 22

chondrocranium

Question 23

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

Answer 23

the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 24

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 24

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

Question 25

which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 25

the clavicle

Question 26

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 26

primary centers of ossification appear before birth | secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

Question 27

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 27

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone

Question 28

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 28

subchondral bone

Question 29

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 29

the periosteum

Question 30

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 30

the endosteum

Question 31

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 31

sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

Question 32

Difference sin the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 32

sexual dimorphism or gender variation

Question 33

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 33

ontogenetic variation

Question 34

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 34

geographic variation or population based variation

Question 35

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 35

idiosyncratic variation