Osteology and Joints Flashcards
Describe the metatarsals and the muscular attachments :
Numbered 1-5 from medial -> lateral
Base articulates with tarsals (Tarsometatarsal joints)
Head articulates with phalanx (Metatarsophalangeal joint)
1st - Tibialis anterior, Fibularis longus
5th - Fibularis brevis & tertius
Describe the phalanges:
The big toe (hallux) has a proximal & distal phalanx
Digits 2-5 have proximal, intermediate, distal phalanges
Articulate at proximal & distal inter-phalangeal joints (hinge synovial joints
Describe the ligaments in the foot:
Spring (plantar calcaneonavicular) ligament - bridging between calcaneous & navicular & supporting the talar head
Short + long plantar ligaments - extending between calcaneous & cuboid, help maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot which is important for shock absorption
Plantar aponeurosis - deep fascia of foot, help maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot which is important for shock absorption
Describe the joints of the foot and their role:
Subtalar -
Plane synovial joint between talus & calcaneus
Transverse tarsal compound joint - runs across top of foot
2 plane synovial joints:
* Talonavicular joint
* Calcaneocuboid joint
Both responsible for inversion and eversion
Describe the ligaments of the ankle:
Deltoid (medial) ligament - inside of ankle
Anterior Tibiotalar - connects the tibia to the talus bone in the front
Posterior Tibiotalar - connects the tibia to the talus in the back
Tibiocalcaneal - connects tibia to calcaneous,
Tibionavicular - connects tibia to navicular bone, prevents excessive eversion
Lateral ligament - outside of ankle
Anterior Talofibular - connects fibula to talus bone
Posterior Talofibular - located on the back side of the ankle, this ligament connects the fibula to the talus
Calcaneofibular - connects fibula to calcaneous, prevents exccesive inversion
Describe the talocrural joint:
Hinge synovial joint between Tibia, Fibula & Talus
The tibia and fibula form a bony arch or “mortise,” which snugly fits around the talus, creating a stable, yet mobile joint.
Movements - dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Trochlea (upper surface) is largely anterior so when dorsiflexed occupies mortise
Distal end of fibula forms lateral malleolus (outer ankle)
Distal end of tibia forms medial malleolus (inner ankle)
Describe the patella and its function:
Sesamoid bone that develops within tendon of Quadriceps femoris
Quadriceps femoris attach to tibia via patellar ligament which extends from bootom of patella to the tibial tuberosity
Function;
Acts as a lever that enhances the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscle by increasing the distance between the quadriceps tendon and the knee joint = more force can be produced
Protective shield for the front of the knee joint
Patella glides smoothly within the patellofemoral groove during knee flexion and extension
Describe the tarsal bones:
Medial, intermediate & lateral Cuneiforms - top of foot
Medial attached to Tibialis anterior & Fibularis longus
Lateral attached to tibialis posterior
Navicular - attached to tibialis posterior
Talus;
No muscular attachments
Trochlea (superior part) articulates with tibia & fibula, rounded head articulates with navicular, base articulates with calcaneus
Cuboid - attached to tibialis posterior
Calcaneus;
Heel bone, largest tarsal bone, attached to calcaneus tendon
Describe the Acetabulofemoral (Hip) joint :
Ball and socket synovial joint that connects pelvis to femur
Acetabulofemoral (capsule) is reinforced by 3 ligaments
Iliofemoral - front of joint, prevents hyperextension of hip
Pubofemoral - on lower anterior side, prevents excessive abduction and extension of the hip
Ischiofemoral - on posterior side, limits excessive internal rotation
Labrum - fibrocartilage rim that deepens the socket
Lunate surface- semilunar articular part of socket
Acetabular notch - permits vessels to enter joint & gives attachment to ligament of head of the femur
Transverse acetabular ligament = bridges the notch
Describe the ACL in relation to tibia, fibula, function and injury prevention:
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posteromedial aspect of lateral condyle of femur
Tibia - Anterior
Weaker than PCL and more commonly injured
Prevents anterior displacement of tibia relative to femur
Injured by twisting of weight bearing knee
ACL runs posteriorly & inserts on external (lateral) femoral condyle
Describe the PCL in relation to tibia, fibula, function and injury prevention:
Posterior cruciate ligament
Anterolateral aspect of medial condyle of femur
Tibia - Posterior
Stronger than ACL
Function - stabiliser of
flexed knee
Prevents posterior displacement of
tibia relative to femur
Injured by impact to anterior tibia
PCL runs anteriorly and inserts on internal femoral condyle
Describe the tibiofemoral (knee) joint:
Hinge synovial joint that connects femur to tibia
Medial & Lateral Tibiofemoral joint
Patellofemoral joint -
Lateral and medial collateral ligaments either side of the knee - LCL + MCL
Tibial plateau deepened by medial and lateral meniscus and act as stabilisers
ACL + PCL inside joint capsule
Joint surrounded by a fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid
Describe the femur:
Head of femur - articulates with acetabulum
Neck of femur
Greater trochanter - large, bony projection on the lateral side of the femur
Lesser trochanter - smaller projection on the medial side, attachment point for the iliopsoas muscle
Intertrochanteric crest - posterior attachment point for hip
Intertrochanteric line - separates lesser + greater trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity - extension of linea aspera, gluteus maximus inserts here
Pectineal line of femur - upward medial continuation of the linea aspera towards the lesser trochanter
Linea aspera - ridge of roughened surface on the posterior surface of the shaft of the femur
Shaft of femur - contains muscle attachment sites
Adducotr tubercle - adductor magnus attaches here
Lateral + medial condyles - articulate woith tibia to form knee joint
Lateral + medial epicondyles - attachment sites for MCL, LCL
Intercondylar fossa - deep notch between condyles for ACL, PCL
Describe the pelvis:
Acetabulum - socket for femur formed by 3 bones
Obturator foramen
Pubic symphysis - joint between pubic bones
Iliopectineal line - Arcuate line of ilium -> Pectineal line of pubis
Each hip bone consists of 3 fused bones - Ilium, ischium & pubis
