Osteology and Arthrology Flashcards
accessory motion
movement of a joint’s articulating surface relative to each other
amphiarthrotic joints
joint surrounded by a pliable structure such as ligament or fibrocartilage
appendicular skeleton
division of the skeleton comprised of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle and lower limb
arthrology
the study of joints
attachment sites
axial skeleton
division of skeleton comprised of the bones of the head and trunk, including the skill and associated bones, hyoid, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
ball and socket joints
synovial joint characterized by a spherical head on one bone fitting into a round cavity on another
biaxial
able to move in two planes of motion
calcium
mineral that is stored in bones, making up their cement along with phosphate. it is utilized in several chemical processes in the body: maintaining acid-base balance of the blood, transmitting nerve, impulses, assisting in muscle contractions, maintaining blood pressure, and initiating blood clotting following injury
Canaliculi
tiny canals that radiate form the central Haversian canals and bring microscopic blood vessels and nerve branches to outlying osteocytes
catilaginous joints
slightly moveable joints with cartilage seperating the articular surfaces of adjacent bone
Compact bone
dense portion of bone made up of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae
concave
rounded inward
convex
rounded outward
Convex-concave rule
rule that governs the direction of accessory motions roll and glide and states that the shape of the joint surface will determine movement: glide will occur in the same direction as rolling when a concave surface is moving on a fixed convex surface and gliding and rolling will occur in opposite directions if a convex surface is moving on a fixed concave surface
depressions
basins and channels in bone that house muscles, tendons, nerves, and vessels
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone made up of compact bone with yellow bone marrow filling the center
diarthrotic joints
joint characterized by large joint cavity
ellipsoid joints
synovial joint characterized by oval-shaped joint surfaces that resemble flattened circles or ellipses
epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
region where the epiphysis of a long bone meets the diaphysis
epiphyses
bumpy end of along bone that is composed of spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone
fibrous capsule
outer portion of a synovial joint capsule that provides stability and protection for the joint
fibrous joints
stable union between bones with minimal joint cavity and collagen-dense connective tissue holding bones tightly together
Glide
accessory motion that occurs when a point on one bony surface comes in contact with a series of points on another
Gliding joints
synovial joint characterized by a flat articulating surfaces that allow small, planar movements
gomphoses
specific fibrous joints at which teeth fit into sockets in the jaw
Haversian canals
longitudinal canals that allow blood vessels and nerves to traverse compact bone
hematopoiesis
process of blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow
hinge joints
synovial joint characterized by a cylindrical prominence on one bone that fits into a corresponding depression on another
joint cavity
space between articulating surfaces of bone
joint play
the amount of slack or give in the joint capsule and ligaments that surround a joint
joints
place of union between bones
lamellae
concentric circles of laccunae wrapped around central Haversian canals
lucanae
tine cavities within the bone matrix that house osteocytes
medullary cavity
central cavity of a long bone diaphysis that contains bone marrow
nonaxial joint
openings
holes and channels in bone that allow passage of nerves, vessels, muscles, and tendons. they also create air filled cavities called sinuses
ossification
process where hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue produced by osteoblasts
osteoblasts
fibroblasts that secrete the proteins that make up the fivers in the extracellular matrix of bone
osteoclasts
bone cells that break down old bone
osteocytes
bone cell
Osteology
the study of bones
Osteon
functional unit of bone comprised of the lamellae and Haversian canals (system)
periosteum
dense connective tissue that surrounds bone, nourishing and protecting it
phosphate
mineral that is stored in bones, making up their cement along with calcium
physiological movements
gross movement of joints through the cardinal planes
pivot joints
synovial joint characterized by a cylindrical segment of bone that fits into a corresponding cavity of another
projections
a bump found on a bone that helps form joints
red bone marrow
loose connective tissue found in the interior cavity of certian types of bones where blood cells are made
rolling
saddle joints
synovial joint characterized by two bony surfaces that are concave in one direction and convex in the other
sesamoid bone
bone that is encased in tendon and functions to improve the leverage and strength of muscles that it contacts
short bones
cube-shaped bones composed mainly of spongy bone that allow fine, gliding movements
spin
accessory motion that occurs when one surface rotates clockwise or counterclockwise around a stationary longitudinal axis
Spongy bone tissue
a three-dimensional latticework of porous bony tissue filled with red bone marrow
sutures
continuous periositeal connections between bones
synarthrotic joints
joints where articulating surfaces are very close together
syndesmoses
fibrious joints held together with cord or a sheet of connective tissue
synostosis
osseous union between the bones forming a joint
synovial fluid
lubricant found in bursae and synovial joint that decreases friction and creates gliding movements between structures
synovial joints
most mobile type of joint characterized by having a joint capsule, large joint cavity an synovial fluid
synovial membrane
inner portion of a synovial joint capsule that produces synovial fluid
trabeculae
osseous struts that form and reform according to lines of stress and work like braces
triaxial
able to move in all three planes of motion
uniaxial joints
able to move in a single plane of motion
Volkmann’s canals
channels that run perpendicular to the Haversian canals in compact bone and complete the pathway form the surface of the bone to its interior (also called perforating canals)
Wolff’s Law
Principle that describes the adaptations of bone as a result of stresses placed upon them, such as compression from gravity and tension from muscles and ligaments
wormian bones
small, irregular bone found along the sutures of the cranium
yellow marrow
