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Functional Anatomy > Intro to Human Body > Flashcards

Intro to Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Reference body position characterized by the body erect and facing forward, feet parallel, arms extended at the sides, and palms facing forward.

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2
Q

Superficial

A

regional term indicating closer to the surface

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3
Q

Deep

A

regional term indicating further form the surface of the body

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4
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

plane of movement that divides the body vertically into right and left halves

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5
Q

Frontal plane

A

plane of movement that divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior halves

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6
Q

Transverse Plane

A

plane of movement that divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior halves

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7
Q

Axis

A

part of a lever system that the lever itself turns around. also called fulcrum

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8
Q

Frontal Axis

A

imaginary line that intersects the sagittal plane at a right angle around which flexion and extension occur.

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9
Q

Sagittal Axis

A

imaginary line that intersects the frontal plane at a right angle around which abduction and adduction occurs

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10
Q

Longitudinal Axis

A

imaginary line that intersects the transverse plane at a right angle around which rotation occurs

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11
Q

Flexion

A

joint movement occurring on sagittal around a frontal axis that results in a decrease in joint angle

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12
Q

Extension

A

joint movement occurring on the sagittal plane around a frontal axis that results in an increase in joint angle

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13
Q

Abduction

A

joint movement occurring on the frontal plane around a sagittal axis that results in movement away from the midline

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14
Q

Adduction

A

joint movement occurring on the frontal plane around a sagittal axis that results in movement towards the midline

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15
Q

right rotation

A

joint movement of the spine on the transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that turns the spine to the right

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16
Q

left rotation

A

joint movement of the spine on the transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that turns the spine left

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17
Q

internal rotation (medial rotation)

A

joint movement of the appendicular skeleton on the transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that turns toward the midline

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18
Q

external rotation (lateral rotation)

A

joint movement of the appendicular skeleton on the transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that turns away form the midline

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19
Q

medial

A

regional term indicating toward the midline

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20
Q

lateral

A

regional term indicating away from the midline

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21
Q

anatomy

A

the study of an organisms structure

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22
Q

physiology

A

the study of an organism’s function

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23
Q

kinesiology

A

the study of human movement

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24
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells that share a similar structure and function

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25
Q

surface epithelium

A

tissue that contains sheetlike layers of cells located on the internal or external body surfaces functioning as a barrier or secretor

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26
Q

glandular epithelium

A

tissue that produces and delivers substances to the external or internal surfaces or the body or directly into the bloodstream

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27
Q

sensory epithelium

A

tissue containing specialized cells that are able to perceive and conduct specific stimuli

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28
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

connective tissue component made up of various fibers suspended in ground substance

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29
Q

ground substance

A

unique fluid component of connective tissue that suspends the extracellular matrix and exists as either watery liquid or firm solid

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30
Q

collagen fibers

A

long straight strands of proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength and flexibility

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31
Q

reticular fibers

A

thin proteins found within connective tissue that resist force in multiple directions, helping to hold structures together

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32
Q

elastic fibers

A

component of connective tissue that contains elsatin and gives tissue resiliency, allowing it to return to its original shape

33
Q

elastin

A

protein found in elastic fivers that gives tissues a branched, wavy appearance and allow them to return to their original shape following stretching or deformation

34
Q

fibroblasts

A

cells that produce and secrete the proteins that make up the fibers in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

35
Q

osteoblasts

A

fibrioblast that secrete the proteins that make up the fibers in the extracellular matrix of bone

36
Q

chondroblasts

A

fibroblast that secrete the proteins that make up the fibers in the extracellular matrix of cartilage

37
Q

macrophages

A

immune cells that respond to injury or infection

38
Q

adipocytes

A

fat cells that store oil within their internal space

39
Q

loose connective tissue

A

connective tissue that contains high levels of ground substance and few fibers

40
Q

dense connective tissue

A

connective tissue containing many collagen fibers and little ground substance

41
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

connective tissue that contains plasma in the extracellular matrix

42
Q

supportive connective tissue

A

Strong, solid connective tissue that contains calcium salts deposited in its ground substance

43
Q

connective tissue

A

one of the four basic types of tissue that is most abundant and found inmost structures of human movement, including bone, ligament, tendon, and fascia.

44
Q

long bones

A

type of bone that is longer than it is wide and is characterized by a distinct shaft and bumpy ends

45
Q

short bones

A

cube-shaped bones composed of mostly spongy bone that allow fine gliding movements

46
Q

flat bones

A

type of bone that is thin, formed by ossification of a fibrous network: sternum, ilium, several cranial bones. The spongy bone at the center of these is where hematopoiesis occurs.

47
Q

irregular bones

A

uniquely shaped bones: vertebrae and facial bones

48
Q

sesamoid bone

A

bone that is encased in tendon and functions to improve the leverage and strength of muscles that it contacts.

49
Q

ligaments

A

fibrous structure made of dense connective tissue that connects each bone to each other

50
Q

dynamic stabilizers

A

structures that limit or control movement by contracting and stretching

51
Q

static stabilizers

A

structure that limits movement by resisting stretch

52
Q

joint capsule

A

network of dense connective tissue that wraps around the entire joint

53
Q

interosseous membrane

A

broad sheet of dense connective tissue that is thinner than ligaments and connect bones along the length of their shafts

54
Q

muscle tissue

A

one of the four basic types of tissue that contains contractile proteins structures called myofibrils that allow this type of tissue to contract and generate movement

55
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary muscle that aid in digestion, urinary excretion, reproduction, circulation, and breathing

56
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary muscle that makes up the heart wall and creates the pulsing action necessary to circulate blood through the body

57
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary muscle that creates movements at joints

58
Q

fiber direction

A

alignment of muscle tissue that determines the direction of pull when the tissue contracts

59
Q

tendon

A

convergence of the dense connective tissue of mysofascia that connects muscle to bone

60
Q

fascia

A

the membrane of loose or dense connective tissue that covers the structures of the body, protecting them and binding into a structural unit.

61
Q

superficial fascia

A

loose connective tissue that lies directly under the dermis of this skin and stores fat and water and creates a passageway for nerves and vessels

62
Q

deep fascia

A

network of dense connective tissue that forms a network around the muscles and their internal structures

63
Q

subserous fascia

A

dense connective tissue that separates the deep fascia from the membranes that line the thoracic and abdominal cavities

64
Q

skin

A

continuous structure that covers the body, protecting it form the outside.

65
Q

blood vessels

A

a circulatory structure that is a pathway by which blood flows throughout the body.

66
Q

lymph

A

excess fluid in the body’s tissue

67
Q

lymph nodes

A

tiny organ that cleanses lymph of foreign particles, viruses and bacteria

68
Q

edema

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body’s tissues

69
Q

nerve

A

part of the nervous system that controls and communicates with the rest of the body

70
Q

sensory nerves

A

type of nerve that monitors the internal and external environment and relays this data to the brain

71
Q

motor nerves

A

action-oriented nerves that carry out responses determined by the brain

72
Q

cartilage

A

a type of supportive connective tissue that varies in consistency and function by the proportion of proteins distributed through its matrix

73
Q

elastic cartilage

A

self-supporting cartilage with the highest proportion of elastic fibers found in the nose and ears

74
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

smooth, rubbery cartilage that helps reduce friction and is found in the voice box, between the ribs and sternum, and the articulating surface of bones

75
Q

fibrous cartilage

A

cartilage made of a dense network of collagen fivers that cushions and enhances joint continuity found in the vertebral disk and miniscus of the knee

76
Q

bursa

A

small, flattened sacs of synovial fluid that decreases friction between structures.

77
Q

synovial fluid

A

lubricant found in bursae and synovial joints that decrease friction and creates gliding movements between structures

78
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa resulting form trauma or excessive friction

Functional Anatomy (2 decks)

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