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Functional Anatomy > Intro to Human Body > Flashcards

Intro to Human Body Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Reference body position characterized by the body erect and facing forward, feet parallel, arms extended at the sides, and palms facing forward.

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2
Q

Superficial

A

regional term indicating closer to the surface

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3
Q

Deep

A

regional term indicating further form the surface of the body

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4
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

plane of movement that divides the body vertically into right and left halves

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5
Q

Frontal plane

A

plane of movement that divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior halves

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6
Q

Transverse Plane

A

plane of movement that divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior halves

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7
Q

Axis

A

part of a lever system that the lever itself turns around. also called fulcrum

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8
Q

Frontal Axis

A

imaginary line that intersects the sagittal plane at a right angle around which flexion and extension occur.

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9
Q

Sagittal Axis

A

imaginary line that intersects the frontal plane at a right angle around which abduction and adduction occurs

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10
Q

Longitudinal Axis

A

imaginary line that intersects the transverse plane at a right angle around which rotation occurs

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11
Q

Flexion

A

joint movement occurring on sagittal around a frontal axis that results in a decrease in joint angle

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12
Q

Extension

A

joint movement occurring on the sagittal plane around a frontal axis that results in an increase in joint angle

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13
Q

Abduction

A

joint movement occurring on the frontal plane around a sagittal axis that results in movement away from the midline

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14
Q

Adduction

A

joint movement occurring on the frontal plane around a sagittal axis that results in movement towards the midline

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15
Q

right rotation

A

joint movement of the spine on the transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that turns the spine to the right

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16
Q

left rotation

A

joint movement of the spine on the transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that turns the spine left

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17
Q

internal rotation (medial rotation)

A

joint movement of the appendicular skeleton on the transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that turns toward the midline

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18
Q

external rotation (lateral rotation)

A

joint movement of the appendicular skeleton on the transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that turns away form the midline

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19
Q

medial

A

regional term indicating toward the midline

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20
Q

lateral

A

regional term indicating away from the midline

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21
Q

anatomy

A

the study of an organisms structure

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22
Q

physiology

A

the study of an organism’s function

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23
Q

kinesiology

A

the study of human movement

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24
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells that share a similar structure and function

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25
surface epithelium
tissue that contains sheetlike layers of cells located on the internal or external body surfaces functioning as a barrier or secretor
26
glandular epithelium
tissue that produces and delivers substances to the external or internal surfaces or the body or directly into the bloodstream
27
sensory epithelium
tissue containing specialized cells that are able to perceive and conduct specific stimuli
28
Extracellular matrix
connective tissue component made up of various fibers suspended in ground substance
29
ground substance
unique fluid component of connective tissue that suspends the extracellular matrix and exists as either watery liquid or firm solid
30
collagen fibers
long straight strands of proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength and flexibility
31
reticular fibers
thin proteins found within connective tissue that resist force in multiple directions, helping to hold structures together
32
elastic fibers
component of connective tissue that contains elsatin and gives tissue resiliency, allowing it to return to its original shape
33
elastin
protein found in elastic fivers that gives tissues a branched, wavy appearance and allow them to return to their original shape following stretching or deformation
34
fibroblasts
cells that produce and secrete the proteins that make up the fibers in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue
35
osteoblasts
fibrioblast that secrete the proteins that make up the fibers in the extracellular matrix of bone
36
chondroblasts
fibroblast that secrete the proteins that make up the fibers in the extracellular matrix of cartilage
37
macrophages
immune cells that respond to injury or infection
38
adipocytes
fat cells that store oil within their internal space
39
loose connective tissue
connective tissue that contains high levels of ground substance and few fibers
40
dense connective tissue
connective tissue containing many collagen fibers and little ground substance
41
fluid connective tissue
connective tissue that contains plasma in the extracellular matrix
42
supportive connective tissue
Strong, solid connective tissue that contains calcium salts deposited in its ground substance
43
connective tissue
one of the four basic types of tissue that is most abundant and found inmost structures of human movement, including bone, ligament, tendon, and fascia.
44
long bones
type of bone that is longer than it is wide and is characterized by a distinct shaft and bumpy ends
45
short bones
cube-shaped bones composed of mostly spongy bone that allow fine gliding movements
46
flat bones
type of bone that is thin, formed by ossification of a fibrous network: sternum, ilium, several cranial bones. The spongy bone at the center of these is where hematopoiesis occurs.
47
irregular bones
uniquely shaped bones: vertebrae and facial bones
48
sesamoid bone
bone that is encased in tendon and functions to improve the leverage and strength of muscles that it contacts.
49
ligaments
fibrous structure made of dense connective tissue that connects each bone to each other
50
dynamic stabilizers
structures that limit or control movement by contracting and stretching
51
static stabilizers
structure that limits movement by resisting stretch
52
joint capsule
network of dense connective tissue that wraps around the entire joint
53
interosseous membrane
broad sheet of dense connective tissue that is thinner than ligaments and connect bones along the length of their shafts
54
muscle tissue
one of the four basic types of tissue that contains contractile proteins structures called myofibrils that allow this type of tissue to contract and generate movement
55
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle that aid in digestion, urinary excretion, reproduction, circulation, and breathing
56
cardiac muscle
involuntary muscle that makes up the heart wall and creates the pulsing action necessary to circulate blood through the body
57
skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle that creates movements at joints
58
fiber direction
alignment of muscle tissue that determines the direction of pull when the tissue contracts
59
tendon
convergence of the dense connective tissue of mysofascia that connects muscle to bone
60
fascia
the membrane of loose or dense connective tissue that covers the structures of the body, protecting them and binding into a structural unit.
61
superficial fascia
loose connective tissue that lies directly under the dermis of this skin and stores fat and water and creates a passageway for nerves and vessels
62
deep fascia
network of dense connective tissue that forms a network around the muscles and their internal structures
63
subserous fascia
dense connective tissue that separates the deep fascia from the membranes that line the thoracic and abdominal cavities
64
skin
continuous structure that covers the body, protecting it form the outside.
65
blood vessels
a circulatory structure that is a pathway by which blood flows throughout the body.
66
lymph
excess fluid in the body's tissue
67
lymph nodes
tiny organ that cleanses lymph of foreign particles, viruses and bacteria
68
edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body's tissues
69
nerve
part of the nervous system that controls and communicates with the rest of the body
70
sensory nerves
type of nerve that monitors the internal and external environment and relays this data to the brain
71
motor nerves
action-oriented nerves that carry out responses determined by the brain
72
cartilage
a type of supportive connective tissue that varies in consistency and function by the proportion of proteins distributed through its matrix
73
elastic cartilage
self-supporting cartilage with the highest proportion of elastic fibers found in the nose and ears
74
hyaline cartilage
smooth, rubbery cartilage that helps reduce friction and is found in the voice box, between the ribs and sternum, and the articulating surface of bones
75
fibrous cartilage
cartilage made of a dense network of collagen fivers that cushions and enhances joint continuity found in the vertebral disk and miniscus of the knee
76
bursa
small, flattened sacs of synovial fluid that decreases friction between structures.
77
synovial fluid
lubricant found in bursae and synovial joints that decrease friction and creates gliding movements between structures
78
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa resulting form trauma or excessive friction

Functional Anatomy (2 decks)

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